{"id":6567,"date":"2025-04-07T09:00:59","date_gmt":"2025-04-07T09:00:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/classicalconversations.com\/?p=6567"},"modified":"2025-04-07T10:57:40","modified_gmt":"2025-04-07T10:57:40","slug":"five-common-topics-of-dialectic","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/classicalconversations.com\/blog\/five-common-topics-of-dialectic\/","title":{"rendered":"What Are the Five Common Topics of Dialectic?"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"bsf_rt_marker\"><\/div><p class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">The classical model of education is a wonderful display of categorization. First, the classical model is traditionally divided into two categories of study \u2014 the Trivium and the Quadrivium. The first of these \u2014<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>and the primary focus of the Classical Conversations<sup>\u00ae<\/sup> programs \u2014 consists of learning the three arts of grammar, dialectic, and rhetoric.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Grammar is the skill of memorizing vocabulary, concepts, and rules. Dialectic is the processing of those ideas by asking questions and using logical thinking. Lastly, rhetoric is the ability to clearly explain a subject understood via grammar and dialectic to others. <span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Within these classical arts, there are ways to practice the skills of learning. These activities, questions, and practices are the <a href=\"https:\/\/classicalconversations.com\/blog\/five-core-habits-of-grammar\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Five Core Habits of Grammar<\/a>, the Five Common Topics of Dialectic, and the <a href=\"https:\/\/classicalconversations.com\/blog\/five-canons-of-rhetoric\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Five Canons of Rhetoric<\/a>.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<h2 class=\"p4\">The Five Common Topics Explained<\/h2>\n<p class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">In this post, we\u2019ll explain the second set of these classical skills \u2014 the Five Common Topics of Dialectic. <\/span><span class=\"s1\">O<\/span><span class=\"s1\">riginally used by great classicalists such as Aristotle and Cicero, these common topics have stood the test of time and remain useful to this day. <\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">For homeschool parents, it can be helpful to visualize these sets of classical skills as toolkits from which you can retrieve one of five useful instruments to aid in teaching your child a new subject. For the Five Common Topics of Dialectic, in particular, consider these skills your secret keys to unlocking powerful conversations with your student to help them better understand and process any new concept.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Without lingering any longer, let\u2019s jump in. The Five Common Topics of Dialectic are Definition, Comparison, Relationship, Circumstance, and Testimony. In true classical fashion, each of these skills can be further categorized into different types. Below, we\u2019ll address each common topic, their subtypes, and questions you can use to help foster more meaningful conversations with your student to learn new subjects.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"p5\">Definition<\/h3>\n<p class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Before having a conversation about any one subject, it\u2019s important to first understand what that subject is. Naturally, the common topic of <b>definition<\/b> can help us there. Simply put, definition is discovering what something is.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<h4 class=\"p5\">Categories<\/h4>\n<p class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Aristotle broke down definition further into <i>genus<\/i> and <i>species<\/i>. We commonly use these groupings to classify living things, but they can be used more broadly to categorize nearly anything.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Genus &#8211; Broad categories of things<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Species &#8211; Also known as <i>division<\/i>; narrower categories of things within a genus<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4 class=\"p5\">Example Questions<\/h4>\n<p class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Use the following questions as a guideline for practicing definition to better understand a subject:<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">What is <\/span><span class=\"s3\">___<\/span><span class=\"s1\">? What is <span class=\"s3\">___<\/span><\/span><span class=\"s1\"> not?<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Is this <span class=\"s3\">___<\/span><\/span><span class=\"s1\">\u00a0part of a larger category (genus or species)?<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">What are the basic features\/characteristics of <span class=\"s3\">___<\/span><\/span><span class=\"s1\">?<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">How can <span class=\"s3\">___<\/span><\/span><span class=\"s1\">\u00a0be divided into smaller parts?<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 class=\"p5\">Comparison<\/h3>\n<p class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">After defining something, we can then <b>compare<\/b> it to other things to increase our understanding of it. For example, if our topic is Julius Caesar, we can compare Julius Caesar to other Roman emperors, perhaps comparing the length of their reigns or ruling styles.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<h4 class=\"p5\">Categories<\/h4>\n<p class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Comparison is commonly classified into <i>similarity<\/i>, <i>difference<\/i>, and <i>degree<\/i>.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Similarity &#8211; How two or more things are alike<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Difference &#8211; How two or more things are different<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Degree &#8211; To what degree are things similar or different<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4 class=\"p5\">Example Questions<\/h4>\n<p class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Use the following questions as a guideline for practicing comparison to better understand a subject:<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">How is <span class=\"s3\">___<\/span><\/span><span class=\"s1\"> similar to\/different from <span class=\"s3\">___<\/span><\/span><span class=\"s1\">?<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">To what degree is <span class=\"s3\">___<\/span><\/span><span class=\"s1\"> similar to\/different from <span class=\"s3\">___<\/span><\/span><span class=\"s1\">?<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Is <span class=\"s3\">___<\/span><\/span><span class=\"s1\"> better\/worse than <span class=\"s3\">___<\/span><\/span><span class=\"s1\">?<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 class=\"p5\">Relationship<\/h3>\n<p class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Next is the common topic of <b>relationship<\/b>, a natural follow-up to comparison. Of course, practicing relationship helps us to understand how our subject is related to other things. If you and your student are learning about the American Revolution, you can consider what events led up to this war (e.g., high taxation, the Boston Massacre) and whether these former events directly caused the latter.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4 class=\"p5\">Categories<\/h4>\n<p><span class=\"s1\">This tool can further be categorized into <i>cause<\/i>\/<em>effect<\/em><i>, <\/i><em>antecedent\/consequence<\/em>, <em>contraries<\/em>, and <em>contradictions<\/em>.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Cause\/effect &#8211; Events, ideas, or actions that directly lead to a given outcome<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Antecedent\/consequence &#8211;<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>Potential good or bad outcomes of events, ideas, and actions<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Contraries &#8211; Two statements that belong to the same categories but cannot both be true<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Contradictions &#8211; Two statements where one must be valid and the other invalid<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4 class=\"p5\">Example Questions<\/h4>\n<p class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Use the following questions as a guideline for practicing relationship to better understand a subject:<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Did <span class=\"s3\">___<\/span><\/span><span class=\"s1\"> cause <span class=\"s3\">___<\/span><\/span><span class=\"s1\">\u00a0?<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">What will happen if <span class=\"s3\">___<\/span><\/span><span class=\"s1\">?<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">If <\/span><span class=\"s3\">___<\/span><span class=\"s1\"> is true, what cannot be true?<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Are <\/span><span class=\"s3\">___<\/span><span class=\"s1\"> and <\/span><span class=\"s3\">___<\/span><span class=\"s1\"> mutually exclusive, or can they coexist?<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 class=\"p5\">Circumstance<\/h3>\n<p class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\"><strong>Circumstance<\/strong> deals with possibilities, certainties, and probabilities. For instance, when attempting to solve a math equation, you may consider whether it&#8217;s even solvable with the given variables. Circumstance also helps us understand what else was going on at the same time as a specific event, which, of course, is useful when studying history.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<h4 class=\"p5\">Categories<\/h4>\n<p class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">The common topic of circumstance can be grouped into <em>possible<\/em>\/<i>impossible and past fact\/<\/i><em>future<\/em> <em>fact<\/em>.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Possible\/impossible &#8211; Whether something can or can\u2019t happen<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Past fact\/future fact &#8211; Determining whether something has happened in the past or predicting whether it will happen in the future<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4 class=\"p5\">Example Questions<\/h4>\n<p class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Use the following questions as a guideline for practicing circumstance to better understand a subject:<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Is it possible or impossible to <span class=\"s3\">___<\/span><\/span><span class=\"s1\">?<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">What might prevent us from <span class=\"s3\">___<\/span><\/span><span class=\"s1\">?<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Do we know for sure that <span class=\"s3\">___<\/span><\/span><span class=\"s1\">\u00a0occurred?<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 class=\"p5\">Testimony<\/h3>\n<p class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Finally, we arrive at the fifth common topic of <strong>testimony<\/strong>. Practicing testimony is hugely important because we need to train our children to recognize when a testimony, authority, or source is credible or not. For example, is a given historical document trustworthy or should we take what it says with a grain of salt?<\/span><\/p>\n<h4 class=\"p5\">Categories<\/h4>\n<p class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Testimony can be divided into six classes \u2014 <em>authority<\/em>, <em>testimonial<\/em>, <em>statistics<\/em>, <em>maxims<\/em>, <em>laws<\/em>, and <em>precedents<\/em>.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Authority &#8211; An expert in a subject<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Testimonial &#8211; Given by someone who witnessed an event firsthand<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Statistics &#8211; Quantitative data supporting an argument<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Maxims &#8211; Common knowledge<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Laws &#8211; A type of testimony encoded in writing and said to be binding<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Precedences &#8211; Evidence through past examples<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4 class=\"p5\">Example Questions<\/h4>\n<p class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Use the following questions as a guideline for practicing testimony to better understand a subject:<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">What type of testimony does this argument rely on?<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Should <span class=\"s3\">___<\/span><\/span><span class=\"s1\">\u00a0be considered an authority or expert?<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">What are this authority\u2019s biases? Do they invalidate his\/her testimony?<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">How recent are these statistics? How were they gathered and by whom?<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 class=\"p4\">Practicing the Five Common Topics of Dialectic<\/h2>\n<p class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">In sum, practicing the Five Common Topics of Dialectic can help us (and, of course, our students) better understand any new subject. In the Classical Conversations <a href=\"https:\/\/classicalconversations.com\/programs\/essentials\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Essentials<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/classicalconversations.com\/programs\/challenge\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Challenge<\/a> programs, we encourage parents and students to apply these skills to help aid their studies in a variety of subjects.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">If you\u2019re interested in learning more about the Five Common Topics of Dialectic, Leigh Bortins\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/classicalconversationsbooks.com\/products\/as051\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><i>The Question<\/i><\/a> explains each of these topics more fully and introduces how parents can use them to help teach their children reading, math, history, science, and other subjects.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Not yet a Classical Conversations member and interested in our community-based approach to homeschooling? We\u2019d love to hear from you! To learn more about us, <a href=\"https:\/\/info.classicalconversations.com\/2022-blogs\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">click here<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The classical model of education is a wonderful display of categorization. First, the classical model is traditionally divided into two categories of study \u2014 the Trivium and the Quadrivium. The first of these \u2014\u00a0 and the primary focus of the Classical Conversations\u00ae programs \u2014 consists of learning the three arts of grammar, dialectic, and rhetoric.\u00a0 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":87,"featured_media":6621,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[465,14],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-6567","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-classical-christian-education","category-classical-conversations-programs"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>What Are the Five Common Topics of Dialectic? - Classical Conversations<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"What are the Five Common Topics of Dialectic, and how can we as homeschool parents use them to help our students understand subjects better?\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/classicalconversations.com\/blog\/five-common-topics-of-dialectic\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"What Are the Five Common Topics of Dialectic? 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