At Classical Conversations, we are always working to refine our language and intent with our words. We have updated this blog article to reflect these refinements so you can be equipped to homeschool your family with confidence.

What are the fifteen classical tools of learning? If you’re not in a Classical Conversations program yet and you’ve flipped through the catalog, you may have come across some unfamiliar terms like “the Five Core Habits of Grammar.” In this blog post, Challenge graduate Elise DeYoung explains these concepts and more.

Also, be sure to check out a speech on the 15 tools of learning in classical education delivered by Leigh Bortins, the founder of Classical Conversations, featured at the conclusion of this article!

Table of Contents

The Trivium and The Lost Tools of Learning

The 5 Core Habits of Grammar

The 5 Common Topics of Dialectic

The 5 Canons of Rhetoric

The 15 Tools of Learning and Classical Education

Video: 15 Tools to Help Your Child Learn Anything

The Trivium and The Lost Tools of Learning

The trivium is an ancient model of classical education that is centered around the study of grammar, dialectic, and rhetoric, in that order. At its peak during the Middle Ages, the trivium was widely accepted and extremely effective.

But today, this style of education is rarely used—and certainly not in public schools. Why?

Some, like Dorothy Sayers in her speech The Lost Tools of Learning, argue that we have fallen prey to a progressive education system that teaches isolated facts over vital skills. Unlike modern education, Sayers states that the “whole of the Trivium was in fact intended to teach the pupil the proper use of the tools of learning, before he began to apply them to ‘subjects’ at all” (Sayers, 7).

Today, this is a foreign concept. What do you mean the focus of education isn’t on learning subjects? Isn’t that its entire purpose? Yes . . . and no. Of course, education involves the reception of information, and information can come in the form of individual subjects.

But first and foremost, any worthwhile model of education must offer its students the tools of learning so that they are equipped to learn on their own. According to Sayers, the art of learning has been lost. And if we are being honest, I think we would have to agree. We must then ask ourselves the question: how do we get the art of learning back?

The solution is simple. We must return to the trivium.

The 5 Core Habits of Grammar

The first stage of the trivium is grammar.

Dorothy Sayers makes the argument that the grammar stage should take place while students are young because that is the age “in which learning by heart is easy and, on the whole, pleasurable” (Sayers, 10). The natural imagination and curiosity of children must be embraced and encouraged at this point in their development, and that is what the grammar stage is designed to do.

If I’ve learned anything from Classical Conversations, it’s that we must always carefully define our terms. So—what is grammar?

Grammar, in the modern sense of the word, is strictly the study of a language. In the Middle Ages, however, grammar claimed a much broader definition as the study of the language of any given topic: sports, geography, music, whatever. That’s why grammar was considered foundational.

Before you can play baseball, you must know what a baseball bat is.

Before you can travel to a country, you must know what a border is.

Before you can read sheet music, you must know what a quarter note is.

Without grammar, all learning is impossible. However, we cannot teach the grammar of everything, and so Classical Conversations has prepared the Five Core Habits of Grammar to teach students how to learn the grammar of anything. The habits are these:

1. Naming: Know the appropriate word.
2. Attending: Differentiate the word from other known ideas.
3. Memorizing: Remember the definition to build a knowledge base.
4. Expressing: Use the body and senses to share knowledge.
5. Storytelling: Use words to share knowledge.

Learning the Foundations of Music with the 5 Core Habits of Grammar

I began taking piano lessons when I was very young.

When I first began playing, I really wasn’t concerned with learning the foundational theory of music. Honestly, I only wanted to stumble through those early years so that I could graduate to performing (what I deemed to be) “impressive” pieces of music. Simply put, I wanted to skip the grammar stage.

But again, I must emphasize that before you can read music, you must know what a quarter note is.

So, I had to take a step back and learn to name the notes. I learned about quarter notes, the bass clef, ledger lines, and so on.

This required a lot of attending on my part. Drilling and repetition were required for me to retain and recall the theory of music before I could put it to use.

Through attending to theory, the habit of memory began to display itself. By this time, whenever my teacher questioned me on a certain note value or asked for the definition of a time signature, I was able to give an accurate response. I had worked to commit these terms and their definitions to memory.

Soon, I was expressing these basic terms to my little sister as we sat side by side on the piano bench. Although limited at the time, my knowledge of theory was enough for me to explain the elements of a piece of music to others. Music is a written language that, like all other languages, must be learned before it can be used to communicate.

So, after I had begun to grasp the grammar of this language called music, I slowly began storytelling, using the symbols and definitions I’d studied. I learned simple songs that put my understanding of grammar to use, and soon, I was reading and playing music!

Grammar in Classical Conversations

What does this process of learning grammar look like in Classical Conversations?

In Classical Conversations, the grammar stage is fittingly referred to as the Foundations program. Designed for students ranging from ages 4 to 12, Foundations focuses on gathering and storing information for future use. Foundations students will learn the names of many things, ranging from Latin endings to historical figures. They will memorize these facts through songs and repetitions, and eventually, they will express them to others through presentations and group discussions.

One note: we must remember that the purpose of the Five Core Habits of Grammar is not application but rather retention. Or, as Dorothy Sayers put it, we must “look upon all these activities less as ‘subjects’ in themselves than as a gathering together of material for use in the next part of the Trivium” (Sayers, 13). This next phase of the trivium is dialectic.

The 5 Common Topics of Dialectic

The dialectic phase of the trivium is focused on teaching students to analyze new ideas and is centered around logic, which is “the art of arguing correctly” (Sayers, 14).

As students mature in their thinking, they will naturally begin to critically process material gathered during the grammar stage and decipher the truth (or lack of truth) in what they have learned.

They begin searching for the “why” and “how” rather than simply the “what.” The tools CC teaches to help guide students through this delicate process are the 5 Common Topics of Dialectic:

1. Definition: Discover what something is.
2. Comparison: Discover similarities first, then differences.
3. Relationship: Discover causes and effects.
4. Circumstance: Discover what else is happening at the same time in other places.
5. Testimony: Discover what others say.

Mastering the Essentials of Music with the 5 Common Topics of Dialectic

Now that I could read simple music scores and play along, I once more desired to play those “impressive” songs, and so I began experimenting with music I’d find online and print out for myself.

In this more complex music, however, there were often notes and rhythms with which I was completely unfamiliar (what is a triplet, anyway?). I quickly realized that if I wanted to advance in my piano playing, there were more complex definitions I had to learn. Thankfully, I had a foundation in the Five Core Habits of Grammar, so I resorted to those as I defined the new terms I encountered.

During my lessons, when presenting me with a new piece of music, the question my teacher always asked me was, “What do you see?” Often, my responses sounded something like “This measure is like this other one,” or “This rhythm is different than the one preceding it,” or “Oh boy, that looks complicated . . . ” This process of comparison is very valuable when faced with a new task, or in my case, a new music score.

A few years ago, I began to play piano for the high school worship team at my church. This meant I had to master playing chords and changing keys. I was able to easily learn how to play a song based solely on chords through the skills of memory and comparison I had previously established. But changing keys was an entirely new mountain I had to climb. If a piece of music was in the key of D, and I was asked to change it to the key of G, what would happen? How would the sharps and flats change based on the key that was chosen? These questions of cause and effect taught me to identify the relationships in music.

The most important, and most obvious, requirement when playing in a band is understanding how other instruments work and what their role is in music. When tackling a song, I had to know what tempo the drums would set, what rhythm the guitar would play, and the key the vocalists would sing in. All these circumstances required me to analyze the music and the band in order to give my best performance.

During worship practice, I had the privilege of learning from other musicians who would come to help instruct and guide us. They taught us how to improv introductions and endings to songs, adapt songs to fit our capabilities and resources, and, most importantly, how to honor God through music. By listening intently to their testimonies, I better grasped how to compliment other band members with my playing and grew significantly in my musical knowledge and capabilities.

Dialectic in Classical Conversations

I have stated already that the dialectic stage is focused on logic and reasoning. So, during this time, students will be introduced to formal logic, apologetics, and the Socratic Dialogue. And alongside logic, the dialectic stage begins to teach students how to communicate sound ideas through writing.

This process begins during the Essentials program and extends through the lower Challenge levels—namely, A, B, I, and II—encompassing, broadly, ages 12 to 14. Analyzing and arranging material gathered from the grammar stage and beyond is a pivotal activity in a child’s education.

With the ability to process new ideas securely established through the Five Common Topics of Dialectic, students will find great success as they continue to learn in and outside of the classroom.

The 5 Canons of Rhetoric

As noted by Leigh Bortins in her book The Conversation, rhetoric is “the use of knowledge and understanding to perceive wisdom, pursue virtue, and proclaim truth.”

This final stage of the trivium is intended to teach students how to proclaim truth through communicating what they have learned. At this stage of the trivium, students will have learned how to process and analyze information, and now they will naturally begin to form their own opinions.

But what use are their opinions to them if they do not know how to express them in a clear and persuasive manner? This is why we need rhetoric.

Historical men such as Cicero and fictional men such as Mark Antony from Shakespeare’s Julius Caesar are examples of men who mastered rhetoric. This branch of the trivium is oftentimes the most popular because it displays a student’s knowledge and skills in an artful and impressive manner.

Whether addressing Congress, leading a Bible study, or holding a dialogue with a friend, it is extremely important that we each have the skills to express and persuade well.

In order to help students attain these skills, CC makes use of the medieval model of rhetoric, known as the Five Canons of Rhetoric:

1. Memory: The flooding of words and sensory stimuli associated with an idea.
2. Invention: The asking of questions through the Five Common Topics.
3. Arrangement: The sorting of invention into organized thoughts.
4. Style: The choosing of the best way to present the thoughts.
5. Delivery: The practicing of presenting the best thoughts.

Embracing the Challenge of Music with the 5 Canons of Rhetoric

Composing music is no small feat. It takes a high level of musical knowledge, skill, and imagination to speak (or rather play) a song into existence.

I learned this when I first began to sit down at the piano and try to write my own song. Often, I found myself discontented because the music never seemed to come out how I wanted.

This always puzzled me. I’d been playing piano for so long! Why was I seemingly incapable of writing a few measures worth of music? It wasn’t until later that I realized, once more, I had been skipping the necessary first steps of composing and just expected a song to come from the keys.

When composing anything, whether it be a speech or a song, you must start from nothing—a blank page or a quiet room—and a step-by-step process to help spark and foster the creative process.

If you are a musician, you know there will come a time when someone asks you to play. For you, this may feel like the kickoff of Armageddon, or it could be your invitation to Paradise. My feelings over such a question are normally dependent upon my level of preparedness—do I have a song memorized? Whether it is an original composition or your favorite classical piece, you may be asked to play without access to your music score, so memorization is a key aspect of performing. Memorization also elevates your performance, so whether you are playing at a recital or family gathering, you will always be prepared to deliver your song well. Thankfully, the habits of grammar equip us to memorize anything, including music, with ease.

The invention of a song is a crucial process that requires you, as the composer, to decide what story you want to tell through music. (Remember storytelling in the grammar stage?) Do you want your song to be fast or slow? Major or minor? Long or short? These questions, and many others, can be answered using the 5 Common Topics of Dialectic and will help you produce and process new ideas.

Abstract ideas for a song, however, are not helpful unless they are arranged properly. Notes must be confined to measures in order for choruses, verses, and bridges to be formed. Arrangement is a tedious process of writing, revising, and rearranging, but it is absolutely necessary if you wish to produce something other than a cacophony.

Once you have your melody, it is time to make it musical. Adding dress-ups such as crescendos, tempo dynamics, and key changes brings elocution (or style) to your piece. You will engage your audience through your entire piece and elevate it from a catchy tune to an impressive composition.

Finally, whether you are penning or just playing a piece of music, you must decide how you will perform the piece. The delivery of a song is just as important as the invention of it. You can make Beethoven’s Moonlight Sonata sound unpleasant if you play it poorly—believe me, I have. Style, mood, pace, and emotion are all essential aspects of a good performance.

With this final step, you will be prepared to give your best performance and communicate well through the keys.

Rhetoric in Classical Conversations

Rhetoric is first introduced to students in CC when they begin presentations in Foundations.

However, it’s not until the later Challenge levels, specifically III and IV, that rhetoric is taught with the goal of mastery in mind. Dramatic interpretations, memorized expository addresses, and the Senior Thesis project all teach students to master the Five Canons of Rhetoric and apply them when communicating under a variety of circumstances.

Did you know that Cicero first laid out the Five Canons of Rhetoric in De Inventione?

The 15 Tools of Learning and Classical Education

Do you ever find that young people, when they have left school, not only forget most of what they have learnt (that is only to be expected) but forget also, or betray that they have never really known how to tackle a new subject for themselves? . . . The intellectual skills bestowed upon us by our education are not readily transferable to subjects other than those in which we acquired them . . . [students] learn everything, except the art of learning – Dorothy Sayers

In modern education, the art of learning has been lost and replaced by a mindless regurgitation of facts. We need to recover the lost art of learning because learning is not limited to the classroom. Rather, education is a lifelong venture that we must prepare for.

The classical model for education is intentionally designed to foster the skills of memory, reason, and communication through the trivium so that students are equipped to leave their childhood and adolescence as lifelong learners.

With such a lofty educational goal, it’s imperative that we take advantage of the fifteen tools of learning that the trivium provides. The Five Habits of Grammar, the Five Common Topics of Dialectic, and the Five Canons of Rhetoric are fifteen practical tools of learning that will train you and your student to retain, analyze, and communicate ideas well.

You may feel like you are drowning in grammar and logic and quarter notes. Maybe you are worried that it is too late to learn how to swim. But I have good news! These tools can be taught at any time and can be used during all stages of life.

If you have been homeschooling your students for years and are just now learning about these habits, you’re not too late!

If you can’t homeschool but still want your children to possess these tools, they can!

If you have already graduated from high school and college and want to grow in these skills, now is the time to start!

Education is a lifelong pursuit that we can all prepare for. As you seek to implement these learning tools in your home, just remember one thing:

Before you can read music, you must know what a quarter note is.

If you’d like to learn more about the 15 tools of learning in classical education, be sure to check out this speech by CC founder Leigh Bortins from the 2023 HEAV Annual Convention.

The post The Trivium and the 15 Tools of Learning in Classical Education appeared first on Classical Conversations.

An Excellence in Education event allows the community to share the blessings of classical, Christian education with legislators, civic leaders, clergy, grandparents, and neighbors.

To say Classical Conversations students accomplish a lot over the course of their education is an understatement. From memorizing the Timeline Song in the Foundations program to participating in Mock Trial and writing a senior thesis in Challenge, students put in hard work and dedication to see these projects through, developing lifelong skills along the way.

What is Excellence in Education?

While modern experts encourage cramming more content into a multiple-choice test, Classical Conversations shifts the focus of education back to the timeless trivium of skills for learning. By teaching students how to learn, we escape the modern-day trap that Dorothy Sayers warned of, where students “learn everything, except the art of learning.”

For a truly excellent education, students must be prepared for conversations that carry eternal significance about humanity and divinity, so that they can consider choices and consequences, accept discipline and duty, and pursue a life balanced by prayer and action.

Classical Conversations communities around the world are living out this learning legacy. Whether you’re a parent, Tutor, or Director, and you’re proud of what your student and their peers are accomplishing this year, consider hosting an Excellence in Education event with your local community!

What Is an Excellence in Education Event?

An Excellence in Education event is a one-day occasion where Classical Conversations members invite church, political, and business leaders from the larger community to see the effort and accomplishments of students in the Foundations, Essentials, and Challenge programs. Ultimately, these events are designed to demonstrate the power of a classical, Christ-centered education.

Typically, parents and Directors organize these optional events to begin around 11:30 in the morning and last half an hour in total, encouraging attendees to fellowship during a provided lunch.

Classical, Christian Education: A Brief Overview

What Projects Should Students Present?

What should your student present during an Excellence in Education event? While your student is welcome to present any of their projects or learnings, here is an idea of what students in each program often present:

• Foundations children often present memory work from any or all subjects (e.g., sing the Timeline Song!).
• Essentials students can showcase their Faces of History projects.
• Challenge A students can present their Science Fair experiments or demonstrations and results.
• Challenge B students often deliver speeches from or discuss their learnings from participating in Mock Trial.
• Challenge I students can deliver the Declaration of Independence or excerpts from the Constitution.
• Challenge II students often present art grants.
• Challenge III students can recite poetry or Shakespeare.
• Challenge IV students can deliver or quote from their senior theses.

Basically, the possibilities are endless! A great rule of thumb is to let your students present the projects they are most passionate about.

When to Host an Excellence in Education Event

Generally, communities participating in an Excellence in Education event host it around Constitution Day in September, Veterans Day in November, or Presidents’ Day in February.

Who Should You Invite?

You’re welcome to invite anyone and everyone to your Excellence in Education event. However, these events are intended to demonstrate the power of a classical, Christ-centered education to leaders in your hometown, whether church staff, local politicians, business owners, and other community leaders.

Since this event serves to spread the word that a classical approach to education rooted in a Christ-centered worldview is a successful method of education, you can even invite local media outlets to cover your event if you are really bold!

Top 3 Homeschool Questions Answered by Leigh Bortins

How to Plan an Excellence in Education Event

Want to host an Excellence in Education event with your local community? Talk to your Licensed Director today to begin planning. Directors can access an Excellence in Education event guide on CC Connected. Get other parents involved and divide the costs and organizational tasks among yourselves.

After you confirm the basic logistics like when and where to meet, post about your event on social media, send out flyers or invitations, and share during your church announcements to encourage leaders in your hometown to attend. And, of course, be sure to share photos and videos of your event with us on Facebook or Instagram!

The post Host an Excellence in Education Event! appeared first on Classical Conversations.

The top tip for senior thesis success? Trust the process—your student has been preparing for this capstone moment through years of classical learning, and they’re more ready than they realize.

If you’re a Challenge IV parent, you want this capstone experience to be everything it should be: a celebration of classical learning and a confident launch into your student’s next chapter. But knowing how to best support your emerging scholar can feel overwhelming.

CC mom and Challenge Director, Jennifer Hester, has walked this Senior Thesis journey with two of her three boys. She recently reached out to seasoned Challenge IV Directors and academic advisors to gather their most valuable guidance.

What she discovered is that this milestone is all about preparation, courage, and trusting the process you’ve been building toward for years. In this article, Jennifer will reveal what works when it comes to make the process of Senior Thesis sustainable and successful.

Challenge IV Preparation: Why Senior Thesis Feels Like a Roller Coaster

Every summer, our youth group takes a trip to Six Flags in Atlanta, Georgia. My kids and I are huge fans of roller coasters—the bigger and faster, the better. The higher or scarier the ride looks, the more likely you’ll find us waiting in line for the front row.

As I sat down to reflect on my family’s homeschooling journey and the completion of two senior theses, I began thinking about how to capture this beautiful, capstone season for parents just entering it. My mind went straight to Six Flags.

For us, there’s the excitement of arriving at the park, walking toward the ticket line while coasters roar overhead, and listening to stories from those who have already braved the rides. For others, it’s a scary time of facing the unknown, unsure of what to expect, and relying on someone who’s gone before you to assure you it will be okay.

Your heart starts to race as you get closer. Adrenaline builds when you’re locked into the seat, then comes the familiar click, click, click as you slowly climb to the top. You think that’s the best part—until you’re plunging, flying around corners, flipping upside down, all while loving every second.

When the ride ends, you turn to the person next to you and laugh about who screamed the loudest, who was the most scared, or which part you loved most. There may even be tears streaming down your face from laughing and crying, all at the same time.

Yes, that’s a lot like homeschooling.

Now, imagine a roller coaster made of a straight, steady, and slow track. Is it worth the wait to stand in line for a ride with no speed, no turns, and no loops? If homeschooling were like that, not many people would hop on board.

No—it’s the twists and turns, the laughter, the adrenaline of what’s ahead, and the conversations afterward that make it so special.

Much like waiting in line for your favorite ride before heading home, students around the world eagerly anticipate the pinnacle of their school journey. For many, that pinnacle is graduation. For Challenge IV students, one significant milestone stands between them and the freedom of graduation: the senior thesis.

Just as every great roller coaster has essential safety checks and preparation phases, your Challenge IV student’s senior thesis journey benefits from understanding the key stages ahead.

What is a Challenge IV Senior Thesis?

In Challenge IV, students bring their learning to a meaningful close through the Senior Thesis—a project that invites them to “put forth” an original idea, just as the Greek root of thesis suggests.

After choosing a topic of academic interest, students craft a persuasive argument supported by insights gained throughout their Classical Conversations journey. The process concludes with a formal presentation and defense before a panel, showcasing the depth and maturity of their classical education senior thesis experience.

Some students begin thinking about their Senior Thesis topic long before the academic year begins. Others focus on college applications, scholarships, and saving money.

The following senior thesis tips focus on three of the five canons of rhetoric: invention, arrangement, and elocution. Here’s what successful families have learned.

Learn Why Senior Thesis is the Capstone of a Strong Education

Senior Thesis Tips for Invention

What is your best advice for parents or students on the Invention stage of Senior Thesis?

Most important principle:

Parents should avoid the temptation to control the process. Instead, they should help the student brainstorm. Parents have spent many years walking alongside their students as they completed papers, projects, and presentations.

Now is the time for students to apply everything they’ve learned about research, resources, organization, outlines, writing, and elocution to create a polished capstone presentation.

Start Early with Sources

• Gather sources early in the process. Find reputable academic sources and begin reading them during the first semester. This foundation work prevents last-minute scrambling and ensures quality research. Read more about our best tips for online research.

When Your Student Has No Topic Ideas

• Review favorite books from the Challenge program. A memorable text or compelling argument from previous years often sparks genuine interest.
• Discuss why specific issues resonated with your student. What topics made them lean forward in discussion? What questions kept them thinking long after class ended?
• Brainstorm with friends and family. Sometimes, an outside perspective reveals passions your students haven’t recognized in themselves.
• List many possible topics, then narrow that list to three to five. Sometimes, the amount of available research naturally weeds out the unviable options.

Get Professional Guidance

• Consider mentors and programs like CC Plus for accountability and help identifying viable research directions. These resources provide structure and expertise during the crucial planning phase.
• Leave time for the process—research often takes unexpected turns. The invention stage requires diligence and patience, but ultimately reaps immense rewards.

Challenge IV Senior Thesis Arrangement Tips

What are your top tips during the Arrangement stage of Senior Thesis?

Create a Detailed Outline

• Build a comprehensive outline. This step is often understated and overlooked by students, but it’s the foundation of a successful thesis. A strong outline organizes thoughts and provides clear structure.
• Include an introduction, transition sentences between paragraphs, and a conclusion in your outline. This makes it easy to fill in the gaps later in the process.
• Have others review your outline to ensure it makes sense to the reader, not just the writer. Ask your mentor, friends, or family to review the outline before moving to the next step.

Apply Previous Learning

• Revisit Essentials and IEW skills to break the paper into manageable subtopics. The writing foundation you’ve built over the years serves you well in this capstone project.
• Edit sections along the way rather than saving all editing for the end. This prevents overwhelming revision sessions and maintains quality throughout.

Track Everything from Day One

• Use note cards for source tracking, just like in Challenge I Research. This system saves significant time and stress later in the process.
• Document quotes and citations immediately. Don’t rely on memory or assume you’ll remember where you found that perfect supporting argument.

These strategies illustrate how skills acquired in earlier academic years can be applied as students progress and mature throughout their classical education senior thesis journey.

Find out more Research Tips for your Senior Thesis

Rhetoric Senior Thesis: Elocution Excellence

What recommendations would you offer for the Elocution stage of Senior Thesis?

Timeline and Practice Strategy

• Set internal deadlines early, allowing ample time to revise and memorize key parts. The presentation component requires as much attention as the written work.
• Practice answering questions confidently—ideally with a mentor acting as a mock judge. This preparation builds confidence for unexpected questions during the actual defense.
• Read the paper aloud to refine flow and tone. Your ears catch awkward phrasing that your eyes might miss.

Presentation Excellence

• Bring quotes and key insights to the oral defense. Go beyond simply reading your paper—engage with your research in real time.
• Practice with a mentor to build confidence when answering challenging questions. This preparation transforms anxiety into excitement about sharing your work.

Drawing on Your Foundation

This stage unites skills gained through Faces of History, Science Fair, Mock Trial, Policy and Lincoln-Douglas Debate, Art Grant Proposals, memorized speeches, and impromptu debates.

The elocution phase is about more than writing. It’s about clearly articulating ideas, thinking critically, and presenting with conviction.

Listen to The Home Stretch Should Stretch You Too!

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The Finish Line: Challenge IV Senior Thesis Success

Just as the final, breathtaking drop of a roller coaster leaves you exhilarated and proud, the Challenge IV senior thesis marks the culmination of the homeschool journey. It’s the last big challenge before coasting into graduation.

This stretch tests more than academic skills. It challenges students to think deeply, speak clearly, and stand confidently.

Together, parents and students have been preparing for this from the beginning. Make sure you take time to enjoy the ride.

Finally, as Challenge IV students around the world embark on their Senior Thesis journey, we pray this over every student, their family, and their community. We thank everyone who has poured into the lives of these young adults.

As you wrap up your homeschool journey, complete with the Senior Thesis defense, remember these words:

“Do not be anxious about anything, but in everything by prayer and supplication with thanksgiving let your requests be made known to God. And the peace of God, which surpasses all understanding, will guard your hearts and your minds in Christ Jesus.” Philippians 4:6-7

Thinking about the next chapter for your Challenge IV student? Learn more through these resources:

• Challenge and Beyond
• CC Plus Concurrent Enrollment
• Odyssey: A Christian Gap Year Program for Graduates
• CC Partner Colleges and Universities

The post Lessons from the Finish Line: Top Tips for Senior Thesis Success appeared first on Classical Conversations.

Feeling overwhelmed by the prospect of a lengthy research paper looming on the horizon? You’re not alone! This guide is here to equip you with the tools and strategies to not just survive but thrive during this project. Whether you’re a Classical Conversations student, parent, or Director, or simply someone looking for a little help, we’ll break down the process into manageable steps, ensuring a successful and enriching research paper experience.

This guide goes beyond just “how-to.” We’ll expound upon the classical perspective, showing how this assignment fosters valuable skills like critical thinking, research, and communication. Plus, we’ll share tips for overcoming common challenges like finding reliable sources and avoiding plagiarism.

Ready to transform that research paper anxiety into research paper confidence? Let’s dive in!

(But first, a quick note on terminology: Classical Conversations is a classical, Christian homeschool program. The Challenge programs are equivalent to the high school years in traditional schools. This article was written by a Challenge graduate.)

 Table of Contents

I. How to Write a Research Paper

II. The Fundamentals of Writing a Research Paper

III. The Steps to Writing a Research Paper

IV. The Value of Writing a Research Paper

I. How to Write a Research Paper

 “Wait, what? I have to write a 10–15-page formal research paper?”

This was the question that went through my mind during Challenge I orientation. The assignment was both exciting and terrifying to me, but mostly, I just felt unprepared for it.

Something I wish I’d realized when I began my research paper was that no one expected me to already know how to accomplish this task. I was going to learn a lot about researching and writing through this project and Classical Conversations (CC) was not going to turn me loose to figure it out on my own. The same is true for you.

Whether you are a student, parent, or Director, there are many resources, tools, and tips that are available to help you through this assignment. However, sometimes it’s difficult to decipher which ones will help, and which ones are just unnecessary.

II. The Fundamentals of Writing a Research Paper

Why do CC students write research papers? What is classical about this assignment? How does this assignment benefit students? Questions like these—and many others—are likely going through your mind as you approach this monumental task. Because it is important to have clarity in every assignment, CC has provided answers to these questions.

1. Why write research papers?

“Students naturally have lots of questions. In the Research strand, we train students how to find the answers to their questions and to record their findings” (Classical Conversations Challenge I Guide, 18). By Challenge I, students are using the Dialectic art of the Trivium. This naturally results in the development of many questions about the world around them, and about the things they have learned. Whether a student has questions about the American Revolution or meteorology, a research paper will give them the opportunity to ask and explore their important questions and will teach them how to find true answers.

2. What is classical about this assignment?

Research papers are inherently classical because they require students to use the 15 Tools of Learning as they work through the three arts of the Trivium.

Students use the Five Core Habits of Grammar, which are naming, attending, memorizing, expressing, and storytelling, as they learn about the topic they choose to research and write about.

A knowledge of grammar will naturally lead students to apply the Five Common Topics of Dialectic as they ask questions about the grammar they have learned. The skill of inquiry is the bedrock of classical education. Made popular by the philosopher Socrates, questioning in order to challenge assumptions, test ideas, and arrive at truth is known today as Socratic questioning. This is the process that takes place during the invention stage of a research paper. Students will consider definitions, comparisons, circumstances, relationships, and testimonies concerning their topic of research to gain a deeper understanding and mastery of their subject.

Once students have found the answers to their research questions, they will use the Five Canons of Rhetoric to compose a paper that explains and analyzes their topic to an audience. The canons of invention, arrangement, elocution, memory, and delivery will equip them to communicate clearly and accurately.

3. How does this assignment benefit students?

The skills that students gain and practice throughout the process of researching and writing their paper are invaluable. This assignment “[Allows] students to present research in an orderly, logical manner that prepares them for writing in college” (Guide, 19). The intention of this assignment is not to finish with the perfect paper. It is to practice the classical skills of learning, to prepare for future education, and to develop the character of Challenge students.

III. The Steps to Writing a Research Paper

Let’s be honest. Writing a ten-to-fifteen-page paper is a daunting task. Because of this, it is essential that students have a good step-by-step process for researching and writing. CC believes that the 5 Canons of Rhetoric provides students with the best tools to use as they work to craft their lengthy paper. The canons give students direction as they invent their ideas; clarity as they arrange an outline; and style as they communicate to others through writing. Though there are five canons, for our purposes, we will make use of the first three. These are:

• Invention
• Arrangement
• Elocution

Invention

The invention stage begins with brainstorming a topic. From the Cold War to veganism, the possibilities for a topic are endless. Students should be encouraged to choose a topic that they are already interested in. They are going to spend a lot of time thinking, researching, and writing about their topic. So, to make that process enjoyable, it’s best to choose something that excites them. They should also select something that they have not previously researched. For example, if a student is interested in the history of automobile manufacturing, encourage them to research a car make that they have not previously studied.

It is during this stage of invention that the Five Common Topics are essential. By defining the terms involved; comparing their topic to similar concepts; researching the circumstances surrounding their subject; recognizing relationships in their research; and listening to testimonies about their topic, students will gain a deeper understanding of what they are interested in researching. This will ensure that students pick a reliable and exciting topic.

However, while the topic of their paper is important, students should not be anxious about which one they choose. It’s importance should be secondary to learning the skills of research and practicing the invention, arrangement, and elocution of their paper.

After a student has chosen a topic, they must write their topic in the form of a research question. A research question is a self-explanatory term, and can be defined as the question which you seek to answer through research. An example of this is “Is there value in assigning research papers to students in high school?” A research paper would then present evidence to prove a calculated answer to the question. Remember, the answer to the question in a research paper is completely dependent upon the evidence found and not on the writers opinion. 

How to Find Research

CC requires students to have at least five sources for their research paper. At first, this may seem like a simple task–five google searches. But the amount of research required to write a reliable paper will likely lead to many more. Remember, five is the minimum, not the encouraged maximum. It is not uncommon to have ten to fifteen sources by the time students have completed compiling all their facts and information. And this is a good thing! More sources lead to more evidence which means more credibility for their work.

Nowadays, it is very easy to find an abundance of information on almost any topic through the internet. This poses both advantages and disadvantages to the researcher. An advantage is that research has been made accessible to the average individual. No longer do we have to comb through shelves and shelves of library books to hopefully find information on a topic. Now, research can be done by typing a few words into the google search bar–easy, efficient, effective.

However, we must also keep in mind the significant disadvantages that this results in. Quality in research is hard to maintain when many sources that can be found with the click of a button are entirely unreliable and sometimes, just downright false. I am sure we are all familiar with Wikipedia. But despite the abundance of unreliable research, it is still possible to find authoritative and accurate information, if we know where and how to look.

CC encourages students not to forsake the practice of turning to books and journals for their information. Though these books and journals can be intimidating at times, they often contain the best research because they go through a much more rigorous process of editing and fact checking than the average google search result. Despite this, it is not wrong for students to use the internet to their advantage. There are good digital articles that provide valuable information. Students just need to be taught the steps to evaluate the articles they read.

Learn more about Online Research Strategies with 7 Best Tips for Success

How to Evaluate Research

CC provides four questions in the Challenge I Guide (190) to use when vetting sources:

1. What are the authors credentials? Does he or she have a doctorate or other advanced degree in the field?
2. What are the organizations credentials? Is it a national organization? Is it accredited? What are its political affiliations? (Check the “About Us” page if there is one.)
3. Do other sources confirm the information?
4. How recently was the website updated?

Inexperienced authors, unreliable or politically charged websites, fringe evidence, or outdated posts are all indicators that an article contains unreliable research and should be discarded. By asking these questions, students will have the ability to recognize false information when they come across it. This is perhaps the most important step in the research phase, because without it you are likely to be relying on false facts which will discredit your work and render it worthless.

How to Organize Research

The question then becomes—what should they do with all this research once they find it? There have been many times during writing where I have frantically asked myself the question “Where did that source go?” Sources can easily get lost in pages and pages of notes or in a search history. That is why it is very important for students to have a system to organize their research.

There are many available methods to utilize when organizing research. Annotation can be used to highlight information in printed sources in order to keep track of key quotes and statistics.

Students can create digital lists with links and source summaries as an easy and efficient way to keep all of their digital research in one place, Or they can summarize and group research together on notecards to have quick access to source evidence and summaries. CC encourages students to use notecards because they are the simplest and most concise method out of the three. Notecards are also the preferred system because students can create both bibliography cards and research cards for their sources. Below is an example of a bibliography card and a research card.

The bibliography card contains all the information that will need to be cited in the students paper. This practice greatly benefits students later on when they go to complete their bibliography. Because they have already cited their sources on cards, they will not need to go back through to hunt down all necessary information. It will already be prepared for them to simply transfer into their paper. More instructions on how to rightly cite sources can be found in the following section of this article.

A research card contains all the information students have gleaned from their sources. This includes all quotes, statistics, polls, data charts, and facts. It is important that students limit each notecard to one piece of evidence. Every quote or fact should have its own notecard, this will make the process of topical organization even simpler later on in the arrangement stage.

How to Cite Research

Plagiarism is quite possibly the greatest offense in the research realm. CC defines plagiarism as “the failure to give proper credit [for information].” (192) Keep in mind that it is possible, and even likely, that those who commit this offense do it unintentionally and in complete ignorance. That is why it is important that students are taught to guard against plagiarism by citing their work well.

The first step to good citation is determining which citing style you must use. Citation style will fluctuate from assignment to assignment and from teacher to teacher. So, in order to know which to use, make sure to direct students to the proper authorities.

Citation Styles: MLA vs. APA

There are many citing methods they may come across, however, the two most prevalent are the Modern Language Association (MLA) and the American Psychological Association (APA).

While citing style is dependent upon the specific assignment or teacher, there are definitions of these styles that give us clues as to which may be used depending on the purpose or topic of a paper. MLA is broadly defined by Purdue University as the citation “used to cite sources within the language arts, cultural studies, and other humanities disciplines.” Purdue also defines APA as the style “most commonly used to cite sources within the social sciences.” So, for example, if students are researching the history of art during the Renaissance Period, they will most likely use MLA. If they are researching the functions of the brain, APA will commonly be the style used.

Both MLA and APA are extremely specific and require students to set up their paper with certain margin sizes, font choices, paragraph indentations, and so on. It is important that they understand the requirements pertaining to each style and become familiar with using them. More information on formatting requirements can be found here.

The Dreaded Bibliography

While citing is very important within a paper, the stakes are raised when students begin their bibliography.

Personally, the bibliography is the section of a paper that I dread working on. For years, I lacked a method for composing this seemingly dry and redundant piece of my work. I did not take the time to learn and master it and so, it mastered me. It wasn’t until I stepped back and began to learn the grammar of a bibliography that it became much simpler and less stressful. I encourage students, if they are like me, to review this article by Purdue University on the basics of bibliographies. Another resource that is helpful to use when writing a bibliography is a citation generator. This tool allows students to put in all relevant information from their sources, choose the citation style, and generate a bibliography with the click of a button.

Rather than waiting till the end of the assignment to create the entire bibliography, students may find it helpful to distribute the task as they find articles that they plan on incorporating in their paper. This will lighten the load and prevent it from becoming a last-minute burden.

Arrangement

Once they have compiled a minimum of five sources, it is time to begin arranging the information into an outline. CC instructs its students to have three to five main proofs (or main points) with at least three sub proofs under each main proof. Below is an example of an outline format commonly used in CC.

1. Proof I
   1. Sub-Proof 1
   2. Sub-Proof 2
   3. Sub-Proof 3
2. Proof II
   1. Sub-Proof 1
   2. Sub-Proof 2
   3. Sub-Proof 3
3. Proof III
   1. Sub-Proof 1
   2. Sub-Proof 2
   3. Sub-Proof 3

Each main point is an answer to the research question and each sub proof is the support or evidence of the answer. For example, the research question is, “Is there value in assigning research papers to students in high school?” and the evidence points to the fact that there is value in high school research papers. So, Proof I could be “It develops research skills.” Each sub proof under that would then be either a quote or statistic supporting the fact that research papers develop students research skills.

It is very important that students arrange their outline so that the paper will make sense to someone who knows nothing about their topic. If there is information or background that needs to be explained before the research question can be understood, students should be sure to include it in their introduction. If there are terms not commonly used or understood, include the definitions when they are used. This allows the audience to read and enjoy the final paper with ease.

Arrangement is a tedious process of configuration, but it is vital if students want to end up with a paper that makes any sense to an outside reader.

If you or your student want more information on how to create an outline, I encourage you to review the Lost Tools of Learning curriculum. If you do not have this curriculum, you can purchase it at the Classical Conversations Bookstore here.

Elocution

The last canon to use when assembling a research paper is elocution. This canon focuses on the process of writing the paper. For some, this is the most difficult stage (I know it was for me). While writing my research paper, I was overwhelmed with reaching perfection on my first draft. I learned the hard way that writing is a process that is made up of many drafts, and that is okay. However, we do not want to end up with a poorly written paper. And so, CC has provided its students with five steps to go through as they edit and improve their work:

1. Check the content.

Does their paper answer it’s research question? It is clear, compelling, and constructive? At this point in the process, all the information should check out as accurate and true, but it is never too late to triple check. Students must ensure that they are providing good and credible research to the audience.

2. Check the organization.

Now that their paper is written, does the outline make sense? Could someone who had never heard of the topic before read through their paper and understand it? It is helpful to have a peer or parent, who has not previously been invested in their assignment, to read the paper. If they understand it, students have successfully done their job!

3. Check the transitions between proofs and paragraphs.

Are they abruptly jumping from one idea to the next or are there gentle transitions throughout? Smooth transitions will help the reader follow the writers train of thought as they read.

4. Check for clarity.

Does what the student is saying make sense? At this point in the process, they will be somewhat of an expert on their topic and paper. This is good because it shows that they have done their work well. However, it also means that they may overlook parts of their paper that do not make sense to an outside reader. Once more, this is when it is helpful to have someone unfamiliar with the topic read through the paper. Students should be encouraged to take head of any suggestions and critics their reader may have to offer because they are looking at the paper with fresh eyes and will probably notice errors that the student may have missed. This will help to ensure that the final paper provides clarity to the audience.

5. Check the grammar.

Spelling, word choices, and grammar must all be taken into account at this final stage of editing. Did students select the best words to explain their thoughts? Are they using the right “there” (or should it be “their” …)? This final process is the most tedious, but it is absolutely essential if students want to present a professional paper to their audience.

Through all of their writing and editing, remind students that they are writing a long paper. It is easy to get burnt out while writing, much more so when reading. Because of this, it is their job, as the writer, to engage their audience so that they are encouraged to continue reading. This means that it is important to take advantage of stylistic devices. When I first learned about grammar dress ups in CC’s Essentials program, I thought they were boring and unhelpful. But I have learned that that couldn’t be farther from the truth! The structure of a sentence has the ability to make it dull or delightful. Therefore, it is important that students use dress ups to make their paper an enjoyable read!

If they are unfamiliar with these tools of elocution, consider reviewing CC’s Essentials curriculum, which will give them step by step instructions on how to apply a wide variety of grammatical devices. If you are interested in purchasing the curriculum, you can visit the Classical Conversations Bookstore here.

After students have gone through this canon of Rhetoric, they will have completed their research paper!

IV. The Value of Writing a Research Paper

It is clear that the Challenge I research paper requires a lot of work from students. Once they are done, an honest question to ask is “What now?” They have done all this work for a paper that, years later, will probably not be read. This is when we remember that CC’s aim is not for student to check off assignments in their guide, it is for their character and capabilities to grow and develop through their education. Because education is the means to an end, not the end itself. So, the value of the research assignment far surpasses the assignment itself.

Believe me, the Challenge I research paper will be a milestone in your child’s education. It was in mine. It is a very valuable assignment that will foster in your student perseverance, responsibility, and discipline. Additionally, this task will equip your student with the skills they will need to accomplish future assignments as they continue their classical education.

What life skills did I cultivate through this assignment?

1. I learned how to research.

This has proved to be an essential skill through the rest of my CC education. It was especially relevant during the Challenge IV Senior Thesis project. Along with learning how to research, the methods or organization (specifically the note card method), taught me how to keep track of all my research. Once more, this was very helpful later on in my education, specifically during the Challenge I and Challenge II formal debates. If your student hoped they would never have to make another notecard after their research paper, I am sorry to disappoint them.

2. I grew significantly in my writing capabilities.

Writing did not come naturally to me in my early Challenge years. Every time I had to write an essay, speech, or 1AC, I struggled. But through the rigorous process of writing my research paper, I learned how to maintain my audiences focus through pages and pages of information.

4. Most importantly, I grew in discipline.

The theme of Challenge I is “Discipline is the cornerstone of freedom.”

There is no better assignment to build discipline than writing a research paper. The discipline to go through the right steps that result in a rewarding final paper is hard to maintain through the entire assignment but is worth it in the end. By practicing the virtue of discipline in researching, writing, and responsibility, I achieved the freedom that rests on the other side of the hard work.

Now, I am free to face a world where facts are often flawed because I know how to discover the truth of any topic. Additionally, I now have the freedom to communicate true facts to others through writing. And the need for these skills do not end after high school.

So, if you’re like me and you’ve exclaimed “Wait, what? I have to write a 10–15-page formal research paper?”—take heart. You can do it, because I did.

Check out these helpful resources to promote academic integrity in your writing:

• 7 Practical Tips to Avoid Plagiarism
• Online Research Strategies: 7 Best Tips for Success
• Tailoring the Right Fit: Academic Integrity in Homeschooling

The post How to Write a Research Paper: A Classical Guide appeared first on Classical Conversations.

Are you standing at the crossroads of your child’s educational journey, weighing the benefits of homeschool versus public school? Choosing how to educate our children might be one of the most important decisions we make as parents. Thousands of parents each year question whether traditional classrooms truly offer the best environment for their children to thrive academically, socially, and spiritually.

The concern is legitimate when public schools continue to face challenges with overcrowded classrooms, standardized approaches that don’t accommodate individual learning needs, and curricula that often separate faith from learning. Kathy Sheppard, former public school teacher turned CC parent, felt this pull and asked: Is there a better way to nurture my child’s unique gifts while providing them with an education grounded in timeless values?

For parents seeking alternatives to conventional education, the growing classical Christian education movement offers a compelling answer. With market analysis from Arcadia Education projecting classical education enrollment to reach 1.4 million students by 2035, more families are discovering what many Classical Conversations parents already know—homeschooling with a classical Christian approach offers distinct advantages that traditional public schooling simply cannot match.[1]

Let’s open the doors of the homeschool vs public school comparison and hear from Kathy Sheppard’s experiences as a public school Latin teacher and a classical homeschool educator.

Educational Philosophy: Purpose-Driven vs. Utilitarian

Classical Conversations Approach

When I talk with other Classical Conversations families, one theme consistently emerges: we’re not just teaching subjects—we’re nurturing souls. One of the most important reasons I love Classical Conversations is because I know the goal is to know God and to make Him known. This is so succinct yet so profound. This simple yet powerful mission statement captures the heart of Classical Conversations’ educational philosophy.

Rather than viewing education merely as preparation for a career, Classical Conversations roots its approach in the timeless pursuit of truth, goodness, and beauty. The classical trivium of grammar, dialectic, and rhetoric provides our children with skills to become lifelong learners who can acquire knowledge, think critically, and communicate effectively.

I had a moment of clarity when I realized, as a public school student and, later, teacher, that I never considered that I was learning and teaching academic subjects in isolation from knowing more about my God.

Of course, now, I realize that all knowledge of truth points to God. This holistic, Christian approach to learning acknowledges that education serves a divine purpose rather than economic utility—it’s about forming character and understanding our place in God’s world.

Public Education Approach

Modern public education, by contrast, often adopts what classical educators would describe as a utilitarian approach. With roots in the Industrial Revolution, public education primarily prepares students for economic participation and workforce readiness. This system typically follows a standardized curriculum designed to ensure students acquire basic competencies measured through standardized testing.

Public education is caught between two competing goals—standardization for accountability and differentiation to meet individual learning needs. The problem is that these approaches often clash, creating a system that pulls in different directions without a clear, unified vision.

Learn more about the difference between Classical and Modern Education.

Curriculum Structure: Integrated vs. Fragmented

Classical Conversations Approach

Have you ever felt overwhelmed by the sheer number of curriculum options available to homeschoolers? One thing I have noticed while working with homeschooling families is that they sometimes tend to switch curricula. The constant search for the perfect curriculum can be exhausting.

That’s why so many of us find relief in Classical Conversations’ approach to quality, classical materials. I love the fact that Classical Conversations has a curriculum that uses the skills of learning for all areas of study. From a planning standpoint, it makes things easier. I also know that the curriculum is tried and true. I have yet to be disappointed in any classical education book or material Classical Conversations has created.

This consistent, comprehensive homeschool curriculum spans from preschool, with the Scribblers program, through high school, ending with the rhetorical Senior Thesis, integrating subjects around central strands of learning rather than treating them as isolated disciplines.

The classical approach deliberately sequences learning to align with our children’s developmental stages, moving them through the classical liberal arts of grammar (language acquisition) to dialectic (logical reasoning) and finally to rhetoric (persuasive expression of Truth).

For parents, one of the most reassuring aspects is seeing the complete educational journey mapped out. What makes me happy about Classical Conversations is that I can see the whole curriculum laid out for students through high school. This integrated structure provides continuity throughout a student’s educational journey, allowing them to make connections across strands and build upon previously mastered concepts.

Public Education Approach

Public schools usually divide learning into separate subjects with fixed curricula that move forward on a set schedule, whether or not students have fully grasped the material. This “one-size-fits-all” approach often makes it hard to meet individual needs. While there have been some efforts to connect subjects, they’re still mostly taught in isolation.

On top of that, public school curricula often change based on new trends, policies, or testing requirements. These constant shifts can leave gaps in students’ learning and make it harder to build a strong, connected understanding of different subjects.

Read more about the Homeschool vs Public School debate.

Personalized Attention: Tailored vs. Standardized

Classical Conversations Approach

Let me share some of my experiences that resonate deeply with many homeschooling parents: Homeschooling is quite a bit more challenging than teaching Latin to public school students for two reasons.

The first is that, although I loved my public school students, I love my daughters more and do not want to hurt their education. This honest confession captures the heart behind our desire to provide individualized attention to our children.

With the parent-student-Tutor partnership that homeschooling provides, Classical Conversations families can truly tailor instruction to each child’s specific strengths, weaknesses, and learning pace. We can spend extra time on challenging concepts and move quickly through material our children have mastered—a flexibility that’s simply not possible in a classroom of 25 students.

Homeschooling is a twenty-four-hour, seven-day-a-week job, and the second reason and one of the most comforting aspects of Classical Conversations is mentorship. The Lord has put mentors along my path who have helped alleviate some of the nervousness I experienced while choosing a different educational path for my children.

I am thankful that my daughters and I have appropriate mentors, such as Tutors, Directors, and other CC parents and friends. This creates a learning community where experienced parents help navigate the homeschooling journey, addressing concerns and providing encouragement. The support system makes all the difference when you’re taking the road less traveled!

Public Education Approach

Public school teachers must manage classrooms with an average of 21-27 students, making individualized attention difficult despite best intentions. These constraints often force teachers to aim instruction at the middle of the class, which can leave advanced students unchallenged and struggling students without adequate support.

While some public schools implement Individualized Education Plans (IEPs) for students with specific learning needs, these accommodations often create new problems rather than truly personalizing education.

Social Environment: Intentional vs. Incidental

Classical Conversations Approach

“But what about socialization?” If you’re a homeschooling parent, you’ve probably heard this question more times than you can count! The irony is that many of us find Classical Conversations specifically because we value meaningful social connections.

Once a week CC communities create intentionally structured interactions that bring students together in a positive learning environment supervised by caring Directors and Tutors who share our Christ-centered worldview. It’s not just about academics—it’s about building a community.

The balance works beautifully: we get the rich, focused learning environment at home most days, combined with the community experience weekly. Our children develop social skills in diverse contexts—with peers during community days, with family members during home instruction, and with various community members through service opportunities and extracurricular activities.

Community days offer accountability for both parents and students and give us the feeling of a new beginning that comes with starting each new academic year in a Classical Conversations community.

Public Education Approach

Public schools offer daily peer interaction, but the quality of this socialization varies greatly. Studies reveal that 5% of students between ages twelve and eighteen reported feeling afraid of attack or harm at school—approximately one student in every average-sized classroom.[2] Issues like bullying, negative peer pressure, and exposure to drugs and alcohol create challenging social environments.

Public schools do offer socialization, but since students are grouped by age, it doesn’t always reflect real-world interactions. Younger kids miss out on learning from older siblings, and older students don’t get as many chances to develop leadership skills by mentoring those who are younger.

Academic Outcomes: Excellence vs. Standardization

Classical Conversations Approach

When we’re deep in the day-to-day of homeschooling—struggling through math problems or revising that fifth essay draft—it’s easy to lose sight of the big picture. That’s why it’s so encouraging to hear from other CC parents who can see the finish line. I talk to students nearing the program’s end and see how they have benefited. I have seen how well they are prepared for the next step in their lives.

What exactly does this preparation look like? Classical Conversations Challenge students (middle and high school students) can debate and wrestle with ideas in philosophy, theology, and history. These don’t just sound like advanced subjects—they are the skills needed for success in higher education and beyond.

The research backs up what we see in our communities. Studies show that homeschooled students typically score higher on standardized tests than their public school counterparts. College performance further validates this approach, with homeschooled students graduating with higher GPAs (3.46 vs. 3.16) and at higher rates (66.7% vs. 57.5%) than publicly educated peers.[3]

This is why seasoned Classical Conversations parents often advise: “If you are a Foundations parent, try to make an effort to get to know the Challenge students. This will help you stay focused on your homeschooling goals.” Seeing the end result makes all those challenging days worthwhile!

Public Education Approach

Public schools tend to define success through test scores and graduation rates, which offer clear numbers but don’t always reflect real learning. This focus often leads to teaching for the test instead of fostering deep understanding and joy for lifelong learning.

As a result, students may memorize facts but struggle with critical thinking when faced with real-world challenges. Research shows that homeschooled students generally perform better academically than their public school peers, regardless of their parents’ education levels—suggesting that how kids are taught matters more than having a degree in education.[4]

Family Involvement: Central vs. Peripheral

Classical Conversations Approach

Homeschooling with Classical Conversations places the family at the center of education. Parents take an active role in teaching, modeling, and guiding their children’s learning journey. This family-centered approach strengthens bonds between parents and children and allows parents to learn alongside their children as lead learners.

The educational process becomes a collaborative family effort, creating opportunities for meaningful conversation and deeper relationships. Parents witness their children’s learning firsthand and are able to speak grace and Truth into every part of their lives.

Public Education Approach

In public education, family involvement often becomes peripheral rather than central to the educational process. Parents typically participate in learning through homework help, parent-teacher conferences, and occasional school events. The limited visibility into daily learning experiences creates a disconnection between family life and education.

Going back to the classical roots, Romans centered education upon family and home as the locus of learning rather than the academy—a philosophy abandoned in modern public education in favor of institutional approaches.

Listen to the Everyday Educator’s podcast to learn more about Family Learning.

Proven Principles in Homeschool Education

When I reflect on my own educational journey, I find myself nodding in agreement with the parent who wrote: “Now that I know the difference, it makes more sense to learn the interrelatedness of all knowledge and the fact that it further points to God.” There’s something profoundly satisfying about an educational approach that connects rather than isolates.

So, is homeschooling better than public school? Homeschooling with Classical Conversations offers a clear alternative to public education’s fragmented and ever-changing nature. While public schools focus on standardized outcomes, homeschooling nurtures both the mind and heart, integrating faith, character, and a love of lifelong learning.

I love that Classical Conversations provides a time-tested approach that equips students with the skills to think deeply and see the connections in all subjects, which ultimately points to God. If you’re looking for an education that begins with a Christ-centered approach and prepares your child for a life of wisdom and purpose, come learn more about Classical Conversations.

I want to know more

Want to read more about classical Christian education in homeschooling? Check out these encouraging resources:

• Classical Education Curriculum
• The Trivium and 15 Skills of Learning
• Classical Christian Education

*Special thanks to Kathy Sheppard for her contributions to this article.

[1] https://arcadiaed.com/2024/02/market-analysis-of-u-s-classical-education-in-grades-pk-12/

[2] National Center for Education Statistics

[3] https://nheri.org/research-facts-on-homeschooling/

[4] https://nheri.org/academic-achievement-homeschool-students/

The post Is Homeschooling Better Than Public School? appeared first on Classical Conversations.

When it comes to online research strategies, students often face the challenge of sorting trustworthy sources from unreliable ones. With so much information available at our fingertips, it’s easy to feel swamped or unsure where to start.

Reliable sources are key to writing a strong research paper in Essentials, producing a science research paper in Challenge I, or preparing a compelling Lincoln-Douglas debate in Challenge III. By mastering effective online research strategies, students can confidently gather credible information while avoiding misleading or unreliable content.

Keep reading to learn how to make the most of your online searches and to develop trustworthy Internet research skills for your students.

How to Do Good Internet Research: Finding Reliable Information Online

Imagine you’re a Challenge A student writing a science paper—or a Challenge IV student beginning to think about your Senior Thesis. You Google your topic, and before you know it, you’re overwhelmed by the sheer volume of articles and blogs. Some sources are recent, others are a decade old, and still others are heavily biased. You wonder: How will you present the needed information in a way that is credible, clear, and compelling?

In today’s digital age, where an ocean of information is just a click away, the ability to effectively research well is more important than ever. Thankfully, by practicing the Fifteen Skills of Learning,[1] you can masterfully harness the resources available during this Age of Information and Globalization.

Here are seven tips to help you research effectively.

1. Define your topic with a specific, measurable focus.

This can be a question you wish to answer or a specific topic you wish to share information about. Consider different angles and perspectives, and craft a succinct, straightforward sentence that is easy for your audience to grasp.

Example:
❌ Too broad: Researching “solar system”
✅ Better choice: Focusing on “effects of solar flares on Earth’s communication systems”

Skills practiced: Naming, Definition, and Comparison, along with others

2. Use effective searching strategies.

When performing online research, you achieve better results with specific keywords and filters. Use quotation marks to search for an exact sentence or phrase, and become familiar with other keyboard operators to enhance your searches. These tools will help you customize your search to the precise results you are looking for.

Example:
❌ Less effective: Searching “Shakespeare plays”
✅ More precise: Searching for “Brevity is the soul of wit” or Shakespeare AND “tragic heroes”

Skills practiced: Naming, Attending, Definition, Comparison, and Invention

3. Choose sources that are reliable.

Prioritize academic journals, university publications, government websites, and reputable organizations (domain extensions of .edu, .gov, and .org). Verify an author’s credentials and the publication date of an article to ensure that information is accurate and current. For academic sources, check if the article has been peer-reviewed by others knowledgeable in the field.

Example:
❌ Questionable source: An anonymous blog post about climate change
✅ Better choice: A recent study from NASA.gov or peer-reviewed journals like Nature or The Journal of Climate

Skills practiced: Comparison, Relationship, Circumstance, and Testimony

4. Use critical thinking.

Consider whether a source is biased. Is it an organization or news outlet with a specific agenda? If so, it is not necessarily wrong to use it, but it is important to recognize bias and account for it. Cross-check facts and look for professionalism in both the writing style and platform design.

Example:
❌ Potential bias: An article on renewable energy funded by a solar panel manufacturer
✅ Balanced source: Consulting neutral sites like energy.gov or The International Energy Agency

Skills practiced: Comparison, Circumstance, Testimony, and Invention

5. Arrange your information logically.

Divide your subject into multiple topics, and consider allocating one paragraph for each topic. Decide which order will be most effective. Consider saving the most compelling or intriguing point for last. Don’t forget a strong conclusion and an attention-grabbing introduction.

Model Outline:

• Introduction – Start with an attention-grabbing hook
• Body Paragraph 1 – Introduce the background or context
• Body Paragraph 2 – Present your strongest argument or key point
• Body Paragraph 3 – Add supporting details or counterpoints (refutations)
• Conclusion – End with a memorable takeaway or call to action

Example:

If writing about the history of aviation, organize sections chronologically—from the Wright brothers, to World War II advancements, to modern-day innovations. Alternatively, for a persuasive essay using The Lost Tools of Writing, start with your strongest argument and end with your most memorable point.

Skills practiced: Expressing, Comparison, Relationship, Circumstance, Arrangement, and Elocution

6. Stay organized.

Keep track of both the sources you cited directly and the sources you consulted. Create a running list, and format them into the citation style needed (MLA, APA, Chicago). You can also employ various note-taking tools, such as Evernote or OneNote, to record the information as you go.

Example:

When researching the Civil War, maintain a document that includes URLs, book titles, and author names as you find them. This habit will save you time and frustration when creating your bibliography later.

Skills practiced: Arrangement, Elocution, and Delivery

7. Take Time to Refine.

After you’ve finished your first draft, read it aloud. Then, make revisions. Clarify what is still fuzzy. Reorder facts when necessary. Go back and fact-check if something sounds off. After that, ask trusted friends or family members to read it and give their thoughts and suggestions.

You may also notice misspelled words and incorrect citation formatting. Polish your paper by correcting these mistakes.

Refining is an important part of the process. As lifelong learners, we shouldn’t settle for our first—or fifth—draft. We’re continually growing and improving—the Fifteen Skills of Learning help with that, too.

Example:

When revising your paper on the Industrial Revolution, you may realize you left out key details about how inventions shaped factory work. Adding this point can strengthen your overall argument.

Skills practiced: Circumstance, Arrangement, and Elocution

Mastering Internet Research Skills for Student Success

Whether you are just dipping your toes in a subject for the first time or navigating the currents of fact-checking, arranging, and organizing pieces of information, remembering these tips will bring you safely to your desired goal.

Enjoy the process—both of researching, and of crafting your prose, turning out words and phrases that sound just right. In the end, when you can finally practice the skill of Delivery by sharing your writing with others, reaching this goal is rewarding for both you and your audience. This is true whether you’ve written just a few paragraphs or a lengthy dissertation.

A sea of opportunity is at your fingertips!

Looking to improve academic integrity in your homeschool? Dive into these helpful resources:

• 7 Practical Tips to Avoid Plagiarism
• How to Write a Research Paper
• Tailoring the Right Fit: Academic Integrity in Homeschooling

[1] Classical Conversations Catalog, p. 7.

The post Online Research Strategies: Seven Best Tips for Success appeared first on Classical Conversations.

Are you interested in classical education but not sure how educational philosophy translates into practical application?

What is classical education, anyway? The heart of the classical model is not just about what students learn but how they learn.

The medieval Trivium—grammar, dialectic, and rhetoric—provides a timeless framework for developing knowledge, understanding, and wisdom.

Name like Adam. Question like Jesus. Persuade like Paul.

These three simple phrases beautifully summarize the three arts of the Trivium. Students, whether children or parents, grow in these arts by practicing 15 classical education skills.

In this blog, we’ll break down these skills into practical, approachable habits you can implement in your homeschool. Discover how these foundational education skills bridge the gap between theory and practice, helping your children flourish academically, spiritually, and personally.

Name Like Adam: Embracing the Art of Grammar

The first task God gave Adam in the Garden of Eden was to name the animals.

Here is a peek into man’s first lesson: “And out of the ground the Lord God formed every beast of the field, and every fowl of the air, and brought them unto Adam to see what he would call them: and whatsoever Adam called every living creature, that was the name thereof.” (Gen. 2:19).

The task of naming prepared Adam to know the animals and to care for them. As homeschool families, we enter into relationship with God’s Word and His World by naming.

Question Like Jesus: Mastering the Art of Dialectic

When Jesus taught his disciples, He often asked questions to broaden or correct their thinking. The most important question He asked them (the one He is still asking us today) was, “But whom say ye that I am?” (Matt. 16:15).

The disciples, good Jewish men, had lots of information about the Messiah from their memorization of Scripture, but they needed to understand what the prophecies about the Messiah really meant. They needed to be able to correctly answer His question about His identity.

As homeschool families, we broaden and correct our thinking about God’s Word and His World by asking questions.

Persuade Like Paul: Perfecting the Art of Rhetoric

Once the disciples understood who Jesus was (see Luke 24), He promised to send them the Holy Spirit and to send them out into their ministry of sharing the Gospel with the world.

In the Apostle Paul’s ministry, he used the art of rhetoric to reveal Christ to his audience. On Mars Hill, he said, “For as I passed by, and beheld your devotions, I found an altar with this inscription, To the Unknown God. Whom therefore ye ignorantly worship, him declare I unto you.” (Acts 17:23)

As homeschool families, we learn to use the best words to persuade our audiences so that they may know the truth about God’s Word and His World.

Let us dive in and examine the 15 classical education skills of learning tied to the arts of grammar, dialectic, and rhetoric.

The Five Core Habits of Grammar

The art of grammar is the study of language. Language could refer to English, Latin, math, or the sciences, to name just a few.

To become proficient in grammar, we practice the Five Core Habits of Grammar:

• Naming
• Attending
• Memorizing
• Expressing
• Storytelling

Naming: Expanding Vocabulary Through Experiences

Naming allows us to develop vocabulary through interaction. For example, a family might be gathered around the dining room table practicing handwriting when a bird alights on the fountain in the window. The child shouts, “Look, Mommy, a bird!” Mom swivels around in the chair and responds, “Yes. That’s a red-breasted robin.”

Attending: Focusing on Details with Careful Observation

Attending encourages differentiating details through sensory focus. The family could stop and talk about the difference in color between his back feathers and chest feathers. The family could listen to the sounds he is making as he bathes in their fountain.

Memorizing: Strengthening Recall Through Practice

Memorizing assists us in retaining information through repetition. The family might take a few seconds to recall and recite the types of animals: “fish, amphibians, mammals, reptiles, and birds.”

Expressing: Bring Ideas to Life Through Creative Action

Expressing allows us to demonstrate ideas through activity. Our imaginary family could take a few minutes together to sketch a picture of the robin in the fountain.

Storytelling: Sharing Experiences through Narratives

Finally, Storytelling allows us to recount events through narration.

The family might pause to read a story like “The Young Robin Who Was Afraid to Fly” from New World Echoes and discuss times when they were afraid to try something new. Or, one of the children might tell Dad the story of the robin who interrupted handwriting and explain to him how they returned to school.

Learning about these five skills equips parents to build knowledge together.

The Five Common Topics of Dialectic

The art of dialectic is the study of ideas. We move toward proficiency in dialectic by practicing The Five Common Topics.

From Challenge B on, my oldest was very interested in debate. Unfortunately, his zeal extended to matters that were not really up for discussion. When he was about fourteen, he presented me with a very impassioned argument about why putting clean laundry in the dresser was a waste of time. I invited him to practice his thinking skills on this idea.

Definition: Understanding the Meaning Behind Words

I asked him to give me a definition of a dresser. After some thinking, we were able to agree that it is a piece of furniture with drawers designed to store clothes.

Comparison: Exploring Similarities and Differences

Then, I asked him to complete a comparison of his dresser to the floor (which is where the clothes were being stored). After a brief exploration of similarities and differences, we were closer to agreeing that the dresser is better at holding clean clothes than the floor.

Relationship: Connecting Ideas Through Cause and Effect

Next, we proceeded to relationship, which invited us to explore connections with respect to time. I asked him where the clothes had been prior to being on the floor. Answer – in the washer and dryer. I asked him what had been happening on the floor prior to the clothes being placed there. Answer – I walked around on it after playing tennis.

We agreed that the clean clothes did not belong on the not-so-clean floor. Although we were very close to agreeing, we pressed on with our investigation.

Circumstance: Evaluating Possibilities and Limitations

Circumstance allows us to explore possibilities and limitations with respect to place. I asked some questions about whether he could put the clothes away or whether he had any limitations that would prevent him from doing so. We both agreed it was possible.

Testimony: Seeking Wisdom from Credible Sources

Finally, we wrapped up our discussion with Testimony, which allowed us to explore what credible sources have to say about an idea. You can see where this is going…the clothes belong in the dresser because Mother (a very credible source) says so.

Exploring an idea by practicing the Five Common Topics of Dialectic allows us to ask good questions that develop understanding.

The Five Canons of Rhetoric

The art of rhetoric is the study of persuasion. We move toward proficiency in rhetoric by practicing the Five Canons of Rhetoric.

In the summer of 2024, I was invited to speak at the Global Home Education Conference. My assigned topic was “Ways Children Learn,” something I have been exploring for the last two decades. During those two decades, I have also spoken at conferences and Classical Conversations Parent Practicums many, many times.

This event was different, however. Because the conference had participants from around the globe, they wanted to give everyone time to share. I had nine minutes to present the 15 classical education skills that are the basis of this article. If you’re doing the math, that’s close to thirty seconds per skill.

I really needed to practice the rhetorical canons to speak briefly, clearly, and persuasively.

Memory: Recalling Experiences and Stories

First, I practiced Memory to recall experiences of the last twenty years of homeschooling and sketched out several stories that I thought would help the audience understand me quickly.

Invention: Refining and Generating New Ideas

Then, I practiced the Invention of new ideas by refining recent definitions of the fifteen skills and matching the stories to them.

Arrangement: Organizing Ideas with Purpose

Due to the time crunch, Arrangement was especially important as I sorted and organized the ideas, keeping some and discarding others.

Elocution: Adapting Style for Your Audience

Next, it was time to practice Elocution by thinking about my diverse audience and choosing examples and a style that would appeal to their experiences and help them apply the ideas.

Delivery: Presenting with Clarity and Confidence

Finally, it was time to practice Delivery by speaking at the conference. Thanks to my practice of the five canons, I could communicate all 15 ideas to the audience with just seconds to spare. Practicing the Five Canons of Rhetoric allowed me to create and deliver an artifact that increased the wisdom of both myself as a speaker and of my listeners.

Applying the Fifteen Classical Skills of Learning

Over the years that you homeschool your family, you will complete many tasks, from solving math problems to creating a science fair project to writing a senior thesis.

It is comforting to know that homeschool parents can practice these 15 classical education skills and exercise them over and over again while completing the tasks. With time, that practice with the skills will lead to proficiency in the arts.

Good students of God’s Word and His World will learn to:

Name Like Adam, question like Jesus, and persuade like Paul.

These arts will equip us to serve others and worship God with all of our hearts, minds, and souls.

The post 15 Classical Education Skills Homeschool Families Need to Know appeared first on Classical Conversations.

Is your student in Challenge IV, preparing and writing for their Senior Thesis? Or, will your child soon enter Challenge IV and already feels intimidated by the prospect of writing such an intensive paper?

Although Senior Thesis can be a difficult task, the rewards of this capstone project that ends students’ high school journey are abundant.

What Is the Challenge IV Senior Thesis?

The Greek word thesis means “something put forth.” The Classical Conversations Senior Thesis is an opportunity for Challenge IV students to “put forth” their ideas.

Students pick any academic topic that interests them and incorporate significant and relevant ideas from across the Challenge programs. They develop a persuasive thesis statement and then prove their claim in a sizable paper.

Later, they present and defend their thesis before a panel in lieu of final exams. The Senior Thesis is the culmination of a student’s entire school experience in which they offer up the fruits of their labors.

Supporting Students Through the Senior Thesis Process

As ominous as a paper of this size may sound, this project doesn’t need to be intimidating. Students work through the process of writing their papers over the course of the second semester. They have rich conversations with their Director each step of the way.

In addition, they are guided by parents and chosen mentors. And, Challenge IV students follow a writing process similar to the one learned in their study of The Lost Tools of Writing in the earlier Challenge levels but adapted for older, more mature students.

Using the Five Canons of Rhetoric

Senior Thesis naturally takes students through the Five Canons of Rhetoric to create a compelling, well-researched paper.

Beginning with Invention, students select a topic and ask questions about it using the Five Common Topics of Dialectic to develop a claim (or thesis) to be proven. At this stage, an ANI (affirmative-negative-interesting) chart is helpful for building arguments and selecting and then sorting supporting evidence.

Next comes Arrangement, in which students solidify the vision and reinforce the direction of their papers, organizing their information and creating outlines.

In the Elocution stage, ideas finally hit the paper as students write and refine their first drafts. Through numerous reviews, students and advisors consider the flow of ideas, the argumentation, the style, and the mechanics of the paper. Students then write an abstract — a short, clear summary of the thesis and main ideas included in the paper.

Finally, students memorize their abstracts and prepare for delivering an oral presentation and defense of their work in front of judges at a Senior Thesis defense held at their local community.

Why Write a Senior Thesis?

The benefits of writing a Senior Thesis are many:

• Students produce a rhetorical artifact that represents the skills and abilities gained throughout their years in the Classical Conversations programs.
• They demonstrate true ownership of their education by coordinating with an advisor, planning and completing a long-term project, and publicly defending their positions.
• Presenting their theses before a panel allows students to incorporate all three modes of persuasion: logos (logic), ethos (character), and pathos (emotion).
• Students can earn college credit through CC Plus for their Senior thesis, which gives them a head start on their next steps toward college.

Throughout the Challenge years, students encounter and discuss big ideas, and the Senior Thesis is a beautiful culmination of their educational experience.

Want to learn more about the capstone events in the Challenge programs? Check out these blogs to give you insight into each level:

• Your Guide to the Challenge Program
• Challenge III: Host a Poetry Café in Your Local Community
• Challenge II: Protocol
• Challenge I: 14 Benefits of a Homeschool Debate Curriculum
• Challenge B: I Survived Mock Trial
• Challenge A: Your Guide to a Successful Homeschool Science Fair

Not yet a Classical Conversations member and interested in our community-based approach to homeschooling? We’d love to hear from you! To learn more about us, click here.

The post Why the Senior Thesis Is the Capstone of a Strong Education appeared first on Classical Conversations.

Are you intrigued by the idea of a rigorous, classical, Christ-centered, and community-based homeschool program for your high school student? Classical Conversations has got you covered! This page serves as your one-stop resource for information, insights, and inspiration to guide you through every step of the Challenge program, our high school homeschool program. You might want to bookmark this one!

Find a Challenge Community Near You

I. The Challenge Program

The Challenge program is rooted in the classical, Christian model of education. What does that mean?

Our worldview is Christ-centered. All knowledge begins with God. God, who is one in perfect unity, created a knowable and indivisible universe that is best explored through connections rather than discrete—and soon forgotten—units of study. That means the best model of education is one that teaches us how to learn and equips us with the skills of learning.

We’ve developed the Challenge high school homeschool curriculum around this understanding for the purpose of glorifying God, and the time students spend in community reinforces the skills of learning with hands-on practice. Directors, meanwhile, guide students through the practice of skills from knowledge to wisdom.

That’s Challenge in a nutshell.

II. Challenge Program Levels

The following resources cover individual Challenge levels (you can also click on the pictures to go to the articles):

Challenge A

Theme: Attention Leads to Ownership

The first of the Challenge programs, Challenge A is intended for students age twelve and up and corresponds with the 7^th grade in the traditional school system. Students will practice their skills that they will continue to develop throughout the Challenge years, taking courses in Newbery Literature, Latin A, Natural Science and Anatomy, Cartography, Analogies and Reasoning, and Arithmetic. Students finish the year with the exciting signature event of the science fair.

Challenge B

Theme: Ownership Builds Discipline

Challenge B builds upon Challenge A. Corresponding with 8^th grade, Challenge B applies the skills honed in Challenge A to new areas of inquiry while deepening their knowledge through courses in Newbery Literature and Short Stories, Latin B, History of Astronomy and Origins, American Biographies and Origins, Informal and Formal Logic, and Pre-Algebra. Students will hold a thrilling mock trial at this level.

Challenge I

Theme: Discipline Is the Cornerstone of Freedom

After Challenge B, students ages fourteen and up will make the leap to Challenge I, which corresponds with 9^th grade. Here, students will begin to consider what they ought rather than what they want, which means exploring the lives of great characters and taking on new and challenging projects. They will take courses in American Literature, Latin 1, Physical Science, American Government and Economics, Traditional Logic and Drama, and Algebra. Students will practice debate at this level.

Challenge II

Theme: Freedom Provides Opportunities for Noble Choices

Throughout Challenge II, students will begin to analyze choices—their own and the choices of others. They’ll also expand their horizons, moving from American history and literature to British literature and Western Cultural History. They will take courses in Latin 2, Traditional Logic 2 and Socratic Dialogue, and Algebra.  This year also presents a fun and unique event in the form of Protocol, where students will have the chance to practice etiquette!

Challenge III

Theme: All Choices Bring Consequences

Intended for students ages sixteen and up, Challenge III explores the consequences of decisions and marks the transition from knowledge to understanding. Students will explore the good, the true, and the beautiful at a deeper level, engaging in the whys and wherefores of philosophy and literature and sharpening their rhetoric in Latin. They will take courses in Poetry and Shakespeare, Caesar and Cicero Translations, Chemistry, American History, Music Theory and Philosophy, and Precalculus A. Poetry café is a fun, optional, end-of-year event for Challenge III families.

Challenge IV

Theme: Understanding Consequences Defines Leadership

Challenge IV. The last year of the Challenge program. The bridge to adulthood. This year is special, focusing on the movement from understanding to wisdom. Students will study Scripture and theology, consider the grand story of world history, and apply their logic to truly abstract concepts. Accordingly, they will take courses in Ancient Literature, Virgil and Various Translations, Physics, World History, Theology, and Precalculus B. Students will write their Senior Theses this year, and they will want to explore other unique opportunities, as well. (We’ll cover those in Section IV of this post.)

III. Challenge Program Capstones

In the previous section, we mentioned some of the exciting end-of-year projects students will conduct. The following resources explore these events in greater detail:

Challenge A: Science Fair

Your Guide to a Successful Homeschool Science Fair

. . . wait, are there really homeschool science fairs? Yes, really! You can conduct your own science fair either at home or in community. A homeschool science fair is a launchpad for scientific exploration, not just another checkbox on the academic list. Dive into practical tips and encouraging stories, guiding you through the process with clarity and support. No matter your science background, discover how to nurture your child’s curiosity, cultivate critical thinking skills, and transform the science fair into a rewarding learning experience.

Challenge B: Mock Trial

I Survived Mock Trial

Tongue-in-cheek blog title aside, Mock Trial is great fun! In this blog post, you’ll discover tips for sparking your student’s interest, fostering critical thinking, and nurturing a love for the law. Watch your student develop a deeper understanding of the justice system—all thanks to your support!

Challenge I: Debate

14 Benefits of a Homeschool Debate Curriculum

Debate: not just about winning arguments. This post discusses the transformative potential of debate and showcases how debate cultivates a diverse skillset. From analyzing viewpoints (the “dialectic stage,” in the parlance of classical education) to speaking with confidence (the “rhetoric stage”), debate equips your student for success.

Challenge II: Protocol

Is Protocol “Starched, Stuffy, and Stiff?”

Don’t let the word “protocol” evoke stuffy images of high tea and starched napkins! Protocol is a tool, not a burden. Protocol fosters grace, respect, and a sense of community – both within the Challenge program and beyond. Learn how these formal rituals cultivate confidence and social intelligence, empowering kids (even introverts!) to thrive in various social settings.

Challenge III: Poetry Café

Host a Poetry Café in Your Local Community!

Attention creative minds and budding wordsmiths. Poetry Café isn’t just a dusty ol’ book club. This event ignites a passion for language and turns shy whispers into confident verses. Dive into a supportive community where original poems find their voice and where students unlock their self-expression, hone their delivery skills, and admire the beauty of language.

Challenge IV: Senior Thesis

Why the Senior Thesis?

Forget the looming dread of a final exam. Classical Conversations presents the Senior Thesis as the culmination of your student’s intellectual journey and not just an academic hurdle. This blog post paints a picture of why this project matters—and this post also guides you through every step with empathy and practical advice.

IV. Challenge Program Opportunities

The Challenge years are preparation for life as a grown-up. As the parent of a teenager, you’ll step back and take on the role of mentor while preparing your student for what comes next.

These blog posts will help you find your footing among all the options offered by Classical Conversations:

Getting Ready for College

Assessment Options

Okay, so this one isn’t a blog post, but you’ll definitely want to bookmark the assessment options page for the membership deals and quick links to testing centers near you.

Why Homeschoolers Should Take Standardized Tests

Is standardized testing the right fit for your homeschooler? Many homeschooling parents worry that standardized tests aren’t a good fit for their student’s unique education. But did you know that standardized tests can offer valuable benefits for homeschoolers? In this blog post, we’ll explore how standardized testing can provide feedback on your student’s progress, help them prepare for college, and even offer relief from the stress of homeschooling. (Testing? Relief? What?! But it’s true.) We’ll also discuss the different types of standardized tests available and how to choose the right one for your student.

Earning College Credits in Challenge

CC Plus: College Credits for Homeschoolers

Homeschool credit meets college savings! Learn about CC Plus, a program that offers college credit for homeschoolers in partnership with Southeastern University. Students can earn dual enrollment credit while in high school and undergraduate degrees online. Parents can also earn a master’s degree by homeschooling their child through the Challenge program. Credits are regionally accredited and transferable.

Earn College Credits for Homeschool Coursework

Discover how Ella St. Laurent earned college credit while completing homeschool coursework. In this inspiring post, you’ll learn how CC Plus helped a real Challenge graduate meet her goals. Read Ella’s story and see how CC Plus can open doors for your family. 

Getting Ready for Graduation

7 Reasons Why You Should Attend the Classical Conversations National Commencement

Just because you’re homeschooling doesn’t mean you have to miss out on a graduation ceremony. National Commencement is your chance to celebrate your graduate with other homeschoolers. Don’t miss this opportunity to learn, grow, and be inspired!

6 Tips for Planning a Successful Homeschool Graduation

If you can’t make National Commencement, or if you’d like to hold a second local graduation ceremony, you’ll want to check out this resource and make your homeschooler’s graduation ceremony a cherished memory with these expert planning tips. From setting expectations to creating a meaningful program, we’ll guide you through every step. Ensure your graduate feels celebrated and prepared for the next chapter with this practical advice and heartfelt inspiration. Plus, download a helpful infographic!

V. Advice for the Challenge Program

Looking for advice on how to get your family ready for Challenge, or interested in getting the most out of the program? These resources will help you!

Getting Ready for Challenge

Laying the Foundations for the Challenge Program

The Challenge program begins with Foundations! In this resource, you’ll discover how you can prepare for the Challenge programs by building a strong academic foundation that fosters critical thinking, communication, and a love of learning. Our unique approach equips students with the core habits of grammar and a solid knowledge base. Set your child on the path to success with Foundations.

Help! I’m Starting Challenge I without Foundations!

While it’s true that the Challenge program is built upon the Foundations program, it’s never too late to start homeschooling. You can still embark on the Challenge journey with confidence, even if you’re new to Classical Conversations. Discover how this comprehensive program, designed for beginners, lays a solid foundation in Latin, literature, history, and critical thinking skills.

Don’t let inexperience hold you back—join the Challenge I community and empower your student’s academic future.

Help! I’m Starting Challenge II without Foundations or Challenge!

Read this homeschool graduate’s inspiring story of overcoming self-doubt and achieving success in Challenge II, despite having no prior experience. Her journey is a testament to the power of hard work, perseverance, and the support of her community. If you’re considering Challenge II, be inspired by Cassidy’s courage!

Getting the Most out of Challenge

Helpful Tips for New Challenge Families

New to Challenge? Welcome! We’re here to guide you on your enriching homeschooling journey. Discover the core values of the Challenge program, and equip yourself with these three essential tips: define your family’s learning goals, explore available resources, and cultivate a love of learning together. Build lasting relationships with Classical Conversations.

How the Challenge Program Challenged Me

In this blog post, a Classical Conversations graduate shares her experience in Challenge. Read about she went beyond the academics, and explore the program’s emphasis on Christian values and character development. Discover how Challenge fostered critical thinking, communication, and a deeper understanding of faith. Are you ready to be challenged to grow in mind, body, and spirit?

Homeschool Art and Beauty in the Challenge Years

Discover how you can tap into your student’s creativity and explore the beauty of art within Challenge. Learn how to seamlessly integrate art into your homeschool curriculum with our practical tips and suggestions. From weekly “Sketchbook Breaks” to engaging art projects for each Challenge level, discover the joy and power of artistic expression in your homeschooling journey.

Want to Learn More about Homeschooling through High School?

Attend a Window into Challenge event!

Many parents feel the high school years are when the benefits of homeschool really came to life. Window into Challenge is your introduction to the Classical Conversations Challenge program, designed to equip your student for college and for life. You’ll discover the structure, material, and benefits of Challenge and get a chance to talk with parents already in the program.

Don’t miss out on this opportunity to discover how the Challenge program can help your student thrive through graduation. Find an event near you!

Find a Window into Challenge Event Near You

Are You Challenge-Ready?

The Challenge program offers a Christ-centered and community-focused education that goes beyond mere academics and enables you to cultivate a young critical thinker, confident communicator, and young leader prepared to make a difference in the world.

Remember:

The Challenge program is built upon a strong foundation, but even if you’re new to homeschooling, there’s a place for you! Resources  are available to guide you every step of the way.

These programs are more than just academics—they’re ultimately about knowing God and making Him known and fostering intellectual curiosity, character development, and a love of learning that will last a lifetime.

So, explore the resources provided in this guide, connect with your local CC community, and discover how Challenge can empower your student to thrive in every aspect of life.

The post Your Guide to the Challenge Program appeared first on Classical Conversations.

In this blog post, Laura Kooistra shares seven reasons to celebrate, going beyond the typical milestones, birthdays, and holidays. You can also listen to Delise and Ginny discuss this topic with Laura on Blessings and Motherhood in “The Art of Celebrating Well.“

How Do You Define Your Terms?

Whether you’re a CC member or you classically educate at home, I’m willing to bet you have a favorite dictionary.  And I’d even go so far as to say that none of us would consider that weird!

I grew up with The American Heritage dictionary, required by my brick-and-mortar school.  Sitting in my 11th grade Shakespeare class, I was enthralled by The Oxford English Dictionary.

As a homeschooling parent and classical educator, I’ve come to rely on and feel fondly about “The 1828”. I don’t even have to say the rest because if you know you know.

I’m referring to Websters Dictionary 1828.  And, when it’s time to define a term, it’s where I turn!

Let’s Define “Celebrate”

Using the online Merriam Webster Diction I find:

The first thing I notice is that the term is transitive.  For those of us familiar with The Essentials Program, we know that a transitive verb needs an object. We’re celebrating something.

As the definition tells us, sometimes it’s a ceremony like being sworn in as a judge.  It’s very solemn but we celebrate the accomplishment of that lawyer turned judge, turned public servant.  We might celebrate something like, “Yay! You passed your driver’s test!” For younger students milestones like learning to spell their name, or in my family’s case, staying in their bed all night, are cause for celebration! In my opinion the small and big wins alike are a reason to celebrate—especially if there’s ice cream involved!

We honor occasions like anniversaries, graduations, weddings, and holidays.  We set apart accomplishments like Senior Thesis, a book release, or an artist competing an installation or gallery show. Many of these falls into the “Big Event” bucket and you probably easily recognize the shared community marked by ceremony that surrounds this type of celebration.

Surely, you’ve noticed that the “something” doesn’t have to be tied to much of anything. To celebrate doesn’t have to be boisterous. From high to low, to once in a lifetime, to every day that ends in “day” – “to celebrate” is within our grasp and I would suggest that the common life is to be celebrated as much as possible.

So, whether you make every Friday night a celebration for a job well done, or simply that you made it through the academic week, pizza night and family movies or games is always a way to put a lovely cap on the week!

At the Core of Celebration Is the Goodness of God

We see the pattern of celebration begin in the Old Testament Scriptures. Feasts, for example, which the Israelites kept in accordance with the law were always commemorative of something good the Lord had done or is doing on behalf of his people. These recurring celebrations were sacred and helped the people recognize the significance of the acts of the Lord.

The biblical accounts make the celebrations very accessible to modern readers.  We easily comprehend that to celebrate God’s deliverance, His provision, His prophetic promises fulfilled is in response to God’s goodness.

When we respond to God’s goodness and celebrate, we bring glory to God. He is the object of our transitive verb!

Therefore, whether you eat or drink, or whatever you do, do all to the glory of God. —1 Corinthians 10:31

What Do We Celebrate at the End of the Homeschooling Year?

Certainly, we point to the goodness of God, whether the year was stellar, a knock ‘em down, drag ‘em out slog, or somewhere in between.  We’ll experience it all, and the goodness of God is steadfast.

But, let’s bring this a little more down to earth.  Here are seven suggestions that you might want to incorporate into your family rhythm.

1. Academic Achievements

Recognize your child’s academic progress.  This is perfect for the homeschooling family since you uniquely understand what the highs and lows of your student’s academic year have been.  You know how you’ve scaled, tailored, adjusted, and customized and how your student has mastered difficult skills, loved certain areas of study, persevered through hardship, and achieved academic goals.  You can create certificates of “______” to commemorate your student’s achievement and hold a celebratory ceremony.

2. Special Projects or Achievements

Whether it’s a 4H ribbon, a part in the local performing arts production, a memorable Faces of History presentation, achieving Memory Master, or your teen landing their first job, take some time to celebrate!  Homemade cards, a favorite meal, get into your stash of sparklers- any of these accessible ideas will help you put together a celebration.

3. Family Milestone

Do you remember the day you started your CC journey? What about a gotcha day for an adopted son or daughter? Are there birthdays, anniversaries, retirements- these celebrations for families mark the years and knit you together in shared memories.

4. Personal Milestones

Your student just achieved a level in karate, they learned to ride bareback, or finally made the perfect macaron! Don’t miss the chance to notice and celebrate.  Of more significance, your child comes to saving faith in Christ, professes their faith publicly through baptism or profession of faith, finishes their bible reading plan – make a big deal! Or at least light a candle, turn on some music, and hang a homemade banner!

5. Transitions

Is this the year your student moves from Foundations and Essentials to the Challenge program?  Did somebody get a raise or promotion? Is your recent graduate heading off to college or do they have a sweet internship lined up? Humans are uniquely able to celebrate the future and the goodness to come!

6. Gratitude

Did your student have a unique bond with a Tutor or Director? Celebrate with a thank you note and the expression of gratitude. Maybe you’ll want to organize an appreciation gathering like meeting up for a picnic, a bonfire and sunset, or smores. This would be a fun celebration in which to include classmates! Did grandparents, a mentor from church, or a coach speak into your student’s life? Yours? A handwritten note, a coffee meet-up, or a “grownups only” dinner are possible ways to celebrate.

7. Restoration

We all go through seasons of loss, difficult change, mourning/grief, and valleys.  Some of these seasons do resolve in restoration and we do well to celebrate how the Lord has delivered us. And, for those of us for whom the circumstances won’t or can’t change, celebration is still possible when we remember to rejoice in the Lord and His goodness.

(Please, oh please, do not hear me spiritually bypassing the difficulties under which you must continuously bear up.  Sometimes it’s enough for me to celebrate with a cup of tea or a homemade latte, and a spot of sunshine on the back deck that “today is not as hard as yesterday; thank you, God!”)

What Are the Benefits of Committing to Celebrate?

I’m sure you’ll have your list of benefits for celebrating. Which of the following resonates with you?

• Reflecting on lessons learned
• Preparing for changes in routine or environment
• Marking the conclusion of one thing before moving to the next
• Creating anticipation for the future
• Engaging community and connecting people through events
• Building confidence with recognition for achievements or overcoming struggle
• Establishing shared traditions
• Cultivating gratitude
• Setting the course for future action plans and goals
• Acknowledging personal growth and accomplishments

What Are Some Specific Ideas for Celebrations That Are Not “Typical”?

(i.e. Birthdays, Anniversaries, and Holidays)

My family has loved the annual celebration of summer solstice.  We start a bonfire, hope that fireflies have arrived, listen to the song of insects, birds, and tree frogs while we await the sun’s disappearing from view on the longest day of the year.  Root Beer Floats are mandatory!

Fridays are important in our family culture.  Mom and dad are done with the work week as are the adult children still living at home. We take a break from the homeschool routine and enjoy horseback riding lessons in the late afternoon.  And then, it’s pizza night! We’ve perfected homemade crust, and we experiment with toppings. As the pizza’s come out of the oven, we gather to watch a family friendly show or movie.  We finally slow down, celebrate the provisions from the week, the joy of connecting with each other, and special food!

My family is fortunate to live near the lakeshore of one of the Great Lakes.  My husband has a late winter birthday, and we try to go to the water’s edge to take in the expansive view, enjoy a drive, and whether it’s wintry or mild, we set apart his day with a trip to the beach!

We have some special music playlists that provoke sweet memories from shared trips, events, and seasons of family life.  When we play those songs, we’re transported to “back when” and we enjoy it all over again! Dance parties on the back deck are expected.

Here are some ideas from other families:

• Create a slide show: Go through photos and add music to create a slide show for your family and friends.
• Take a field trip—or a vacation: Consider a commemorative getaway or a trip to a venue/attraction that your family will enjoy.
• Make a memory collage: Use pictures of field trips, projects, experiments, and other fun moments to create a display  and set a time to tell stories and share memories of the events.
• Give silly awards: Hold family or community votes for “Most likely to______”, or “Best _____”.  Create categories, cast secret ballots, you might play The Throne Room for your mock awards ceremony, and dissolve into laughter and happy tears!

It’s Good to Celebrate!

Acts of commemoration, gratitude, togetherness, and community not only honors our achievements and milestones, but also bears witness to the enduring faithfulness of God. From ancient feasts to modern day gatherings, celebrations weave their way through the history of human experience, reminding us of the providence and goodness of God.

It’s not too overstated to suggest that celebration is not just an act, but a way of life—a testament to our belief in the unfailing faithfulness of God and the uniquely human capacity to envision the future. For in celebration, we find not only the culmination of our past achievements, but the promise of blessings to come.

The post Reasons to Celebrate: 7 Ways to Set Apart Big Events, Ordinary Days, and the Goodness of God appeared first on Classical Conversations.

·       CC parents, tutors, and Directors – are you looking to level up your skills in guiding and assessing your student’s learning at home or in community? Join this Spring semester’s Classical Learning Cohort! https://classicalconversations.com/cohort/

The post Everyday Educator: The Home Stretch Should Stretch You! appeared first on Classical Conversations.

Classical Conversations calls its middle and high school program “Challenge” for a good reason.

As a recent graduate, I can attest that each level of the Challenge program poses many difficulties to its students. For those readers who may not be familiar with the program’s structure and purpose, allow me to explain: it stretches from seventh grade through the senior year of high school and is centered around the belief that the purpose of education is to instill in students wisdom and virtue through the study of truth, beauty, and goodness.

With such a lofty aim, it is no surprise that the Challenge program proves itself to be, indeed, very challenging.

Through my classical education, I was challenged to consider and communicate ideas well, accomplish difficult tasks, and, most importantly, to know God and make Him known.

I Was Challenged to Consider and Communicate Ideas Well

I have learned many valuable skills because of my classical education.

Most notably, I cultivated the invaluable skill of considering and communicating ideas well. Classical Conversations introduced me to an array of ideas, from the political views of Brutus in Shakespeare’s Julius Caesar to the Superman of Nietzsche’s Thus Spake Zarathustra. And once I was introduced to these ideas, I was trained to determine whether they were aligned with the Word of God.

I was taught to communicate these ideas through writing essays and especially by engaging in formal debates. Debates improved and refined my communication skills because they forced me to prepare myself for cross-examinations and counterarguments.

The skill of considering and communicating ideas well has proven to be invaluable in my own life as I seek to converse with others on meaningful topics. If I had not spent my high school education as a Challenge student, I am convinced that I would be unprepared to face the world’s fallacious philosophies and to communicate truth to those who need to hear it.

Read: “The Purpose of Challenge I Debates”

I Was Challenged to Accomplish Difficult Tasks

Whether I was assigned with Mock Trial, a debate, or Latin (a constant thorn in my side), Classical Conversations forced me to exercise perseverance and diligence in order to complete these tasks.

Read: “I Survived Mock Trial”

This was especially true as I composed my Senior Thesis. This assignment combined all the skills I had accumulated through my high school education into one monumental assignment.

I spent many hours and shed many tears over this assignment as it proved itself to be the greatest challenge of my education.

However, the struggle is only half of the story.

Through this project, I was able to experience significant improvement in practical skills such as writing, editing, and oration. I also matured as a person and grew in diligence, patience, and perseverance. In the end, this project truly was the “capstone of my education,” as my Challenge Director claimed it would be.

Without challenges, we cannot improve as individuals. And because of Challenge, I am prepared to face difficult tasks in the future.

Read: “Why the Senior Thesis?”

I Was Challenged to Know God and to Make Him Known

Upon my first day as a Challenge A student, I instantly recognized what (or should I say who?) Classical Conversations intended to be at the center of my education—God. I was trained from day one to see the Lord in all aspects of learning:

When I studied my science textbooks, I was taught to see God’s creativity and intentionality in His creation.

When I explored history, I was encouraged to emphasize His sovereignty over all events.

When I read literature, I was trained to recognize the influence of God’s divine story in all storytelling.

Education—or should I say wisdom—apart from God is futile, but wisdom resting in God is more precious than silver (Proverbs 3:13–18).

When writing papers or giving speeches, I was always challenged by the question: how could I use this assignment to make God known? Toward the end of my high school education, I realized the weight of this question. If I was not using what little platform I was given to lead others to Christ, what was the point?

With this renewed purpose in learning, I am now able to share with others what I have learned about Christ so that they, too, can know God and make Him known.

The Challenge Program Equipped Me to Face the World

I grew significantly during my time as a CC student. I was challenged to consider and communicate ideas well, to accomplish difficult tasks, and ultimately, to know God and make Him known.

Whether you are a parent considering homeschooling for the first time, or you are a current homeschool parent contemplating Classical Conversations, I would leave you with this: I am convinced that CC is the best educational choice you can make for your student.

Yes, it is a hard and long road. The challenges that the Challenge program presents to its students may, at times, seem too difficult to bear.

But if you choose to persevere through them, by the grace of God, your student will leave high school equipped to face the world. They will know truth and have the skills to communicate it to others, the ability to accomplish difficult tasks, and the zeal to know God and make Him known.

And that is what education is really all about.

The post How the Challenge Program Challenged Me appeared first on Classical Conversations.